{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:00:58Z","timestamp":1789988458134,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise delineation of surgical resection margins is a pivotal determinant of oncologic surgery outcomes, with R0 resection serving as the gold standard for maximizing local control and long-term survival. However, intraoperative identification of tumor boundaries remains challenging. Conventional tools such as frozen section pathology offer limited field coverage, are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and may yield sampling errors, particularly in anatomically complex or highly infiltrative lesions. Near-infrared II (NIR-II, 1000\u20131700 nm) fluorescence imaging has emerged as a transformative modality for real-time intraoperative navigation. Leveraging reduced photon scattering, minimal tissue autofluorescence, and deeper penetration compared with NIR-I and other optical approaches, NIR-II imaging enables high-contrast visualization of tumor margins while preserving adjacent normal structures. Over the past decade, the molecular probe landscape for NIR-II imaging has rapidly evolved\u2014from early non-specific small molecules and inorganic nanomaterials to the latest generation of targeted agents designed to bind tumor-specific biomarkers. These advances have facilitated more accurate tumor\u2013normal tissue contrast in a range of surgical contexts, including glioma, hepatobiliary malignancies, colorectal cancer, and head\u2013neck tumors. Several first-in-human and ongoing clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and intraoperative utility of NIR-II molecular probes. Nevertheless, issues related to regulatory approval, probe pharmacokinetics, real-time quantitative imaging, and integration with multimodal surgical systems remain to be addressed. This review summarizes current concepts of precise surgical resection margins, outlines the origin and principles of NIR-II fluorescence imaging, and provides an in-depth discussion of targeted molecular probe development, preclinical and clinical progress, and their role in tumor margin delineation. Finally, we highlight existing limitations and future opportunities for translating NIR-II probes into routine surgical oncology practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1872947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:05:16Z","timestamp":1789985116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Delineating precise surgical resection areas: recent advances in NIR-II fluorescence imaging molecular probes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School, Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanwei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal 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