{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:28:08Z","timestamp":1786512488988,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Breast cancer treatment remains limited by drug resistance, toxicity, and inadequate selectivity in aggressive subtypes, prompting continued interest in selenium-based agents whose anticancer activity depends strongly on chemical form, redox behavior, and metabolic fate. This review critically compares inorganic, organic, and nanoscale selenium, with particular emphasis on selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as engineerable platforms for breast cancer therapy. Current evidence indicates that selenium-based agents primarily exert antitumor effects through disruption of redox homeostasis, induction of apoptosis, and modulation of survival signaling pathways such as PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR, while additional effects on autophagy, metastasis, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance appear to be more context-dependent. Compared with conventional selenium compounds, SeNPs offer greater formulation flexibility through surface modification, cargo loading, and stimulus-responsive design, and have shown promising activity especially in triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer models. However, clinical translation is restricted by the lack of breast cancer-specific early-phase therapeutic studies and by persistent uncertainties regarding the therapeutic window, pharmacokinetics, long-term safety, manufacturing reproducibility, and patient selection. By integrating selenium speciation, SeNP preparation strategies, subtype-oriented applications, and translational barriers, this review highlights that future progress will depend on standardized formulations, rigorous\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    validation, and biomarker-informed clinical development rather than unselected selenium use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1875872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:42:29Z","timestamp":1786509749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selenium nanoparticles for breast cancer: mechanisms, delivery strategies, and translational challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huijia","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Emergency Medicine Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Oncology of Gansu Province, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02108-4","article-title":"Breast cancer: pathogenesis and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21863","article-title":"Breast cancer statistics 2024","volume":"74","author":"Giaquinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.20.03639","article-title":"Palbociclib for residual high-risk invasive HR-positive and HER2-negative early breast cancer-the Penelope-B trial","volume":"39","author":"Loibl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30642-2","article-title":"Palbociclib with adjuvant endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (PALLAS): interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study","volume":"22","author":"Mayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19323","article-title":"Breast cancer treatment: a review","volume":"321","author":"Waks","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093233","article-title":"Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Bukowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.450","article-title":"Selenium and triple negative breast cancer","volume":"53","author":"Sidira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Med Acad"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010146","article-title":"Smart nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy: a review","volume":"27","author":"Kenchegowda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00656-1","article-title":"Developments in nanotechnology approaches for the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Venturini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032633","article-title":"Biological activity of selenium and its impact on human health","volume":"24","author":"Genchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60272a","article-title":"Which form is that? 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