{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:15:11Z","timestamp":1788243311796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cervical cancer morbidity and mortality remain a significant global health challenge worldwide, with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 7.3\/100,000 in 2022. Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), especially sub-Saharan Africa, have the highest incidence and mortality of cervical cancer, with 70% to 90% of cervical cancer cases and deaths, respectively. Despite Rwanda\u2019s considerable efforts, cervical cancer remained the second most prevalent cancer among Rwandan women in 2023. Although numerous studies have explored the relationship between early detection and better outcomes, there is a lack of comprehensive research assessing the overall impact of early detection on patient survival in Rwanda. This study sought to explore the impact of early detection on survival outcomes, explore the use of machine learning (ML) techniques for survival prediction in cervical cancer patients, to provide a thorough understanding of the impact of cervical cancer early detection on patient survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Rwanda National Cancer Registry (2016\u20132023). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Log-rank Test, and Cox proportional hazards models were employed to evaluate survival rates and risk factors. Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, and Survival Support Vector Machines (SSVM) models were developed, tested, and validated using 5-fold stratified cross-validation for survival prediction. Data cleaning retained 2,476 records with complete clinical information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early detection reduced the hazard of death by 39% compared to late detection. The Gradient Boosting ML Model demonstrated superior performance with an accuracy of 82.2%, sensitivity of 99.7%, and the lowest Brier score of 0.1408. 5-fold cross-validation confirmed model stability (AUC 0.550 \u00b1 0.038 for Gradient Boosting. Key predictors of poor survival included older age at diagnosis and HIV positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early detection significantly improves survival outcomes for cervical cancer patients. HIV positivity and age at diagnosis returned as key influencers for the survival outcome. ML models offer robust predictive capabilities, enabling resource optimization and personalized care in LMICs. Findings emphasize the importance of scaling early detection initiatives and leveraging ML for informed decision-making in cervical cancer management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1880629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:35:09Z","timestamp":1788240909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging machine learning algorithms to assess the impact of cervical cancer early detection on patients\u2019 survival"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Piero Mazimpaka","family":"Irakiza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"African Center of Excellence in Data Science (ACE-DS), University of Rwanda (UR)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]},{"name":"Centre for Impact, Innovation and Capacity building for Health Information Systems and Nutrition (CIIC-HIN)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]},{"name":"Rumuli Global","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Absolomon","family":"Gashaija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Impact, Innovation and Capacity building for Health Information Systems and Nutrition (CIIC-HIN)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semakula","family":"Muhammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Center of Excellence in Data Science (ACE-DS), University of Rwanda (UR)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]},{"name":"Ministry of Health (MoH)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix K.","family":"Rubuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Impact, Innovation and Capacity building for Health Information Systems and Nutrition (CIIC-HIN)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Rwanda (UR)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Damascene","family":"Hagenimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Impact, Innovation and Capacity building for Health Information Systems and Nutrition (CIIC-HIN)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Christian","family":"Nyabyenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Impact, Innovation and Capacity building for Health Information Systems and Nutrition (CIIC-HIN)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belson","family":"Rugwizangoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda (UR)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]},{"name":"University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK)","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Cervical cancer statistics","year":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Cervical cancer","year":"","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(92)90052-u"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem","year":"2020","DOI":"10.1037\/e320172004-001"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S374487","article-title":"Knowledge, barriers and motivators to cervical cancer screening in Rwanda: A qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Gafaranga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.928685","article-title":"Case study of cervical cancer prevention in two sub-Saharan African countries: Rwanda and Sierra Leone","volume":"9","author":"Bangura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000241","article-title":"Global strategies for cervical cancer prevention","volume":"28","author":"Pimple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"IARC Handbooks - 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