{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:02:12Z","timestamp":1784869332461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of mortality and thus requires novel therapeutic interventions. Although our previously synthesized phosphorus tetraphenylporphyrin (E26) effectively induces cell death via photodynamic therapy (PDT), its 610-nm excitation wavelength limits deep-tissue penetration. To address this limitation, we developed a novel hydrogenated derivative, hE26, in which excitation is shifted to an optimized longer wavelength of 660 nm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anticancer potential of the novel hE26-mediated PDT and the former compound E26 was compared in human NSCLC cells via MTT, wound healing, immunohistochemistry, and qPCR analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In A549, EBC-1, and ACC-MESO-4 cells, hE26-mediated PDT significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in low-dose ranges compared with E26. At the same dose (15 nM), significant inhibition of cell proliferation and migration was observed in hE26-treated NSCLC cells. hE26 selectively targeted the mitochondria in A549 cells, triggering potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation post-irradiation. The Bax\/Bcl-xL ratio and number of apoptotic cells were significantly elevated following treatment with 15 nM hE26-mediated PDT compared with both the untreated control and cells treated with an equivalent dose of E26. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and expression of cleaved caspase-3 were observed at 24\u00a0h after hE26-mediated PDT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The novel mitochondria-targeting photosensitizer hE26, with an optimized excitation wavelength of 660 nm, induces potent ROS generation even at low doses, resulting in enhanced anticancer efficacy against NSCLC cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. hE26 represents a promising candidate for the development of potent new photosensitizers that offer enhanced therapeutic efficacy with minimized systemic toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1881286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:23:35Z","timestamp":1784867015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel photosensitizer (hE26) for photodynamic therapy enhances anticancer efficacy via reactive oxygen species-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Baljinnyam","family":"Lkham-Erdene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center of Mongolia","place":["Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jargal-Erdene","family":"Batmunkh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Shimamawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Ishizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganzorig","family":"Baatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center of Mongolia","place":["Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyu Synn","family":"Oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kham Mo","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Yokogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryonosuke","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Hishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]},{"name":"Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki","place":["Miyazaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102693","article-title":"Global burden of lung cancer in 2022 and projections to 2050: Incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052049","article-title":"Lung cancer-epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and molecular aspect (review of literature)","volume":"26","author":"Smolarz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.686303","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer-a review of the current clinical status","volume":"9","author":"Gunaydin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201509-650fr","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Narrative review and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Shafirstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy - mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations","volume":"106","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2014.09.017","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for lung cancer and Malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"41","author":"Simone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-019-01240-1","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for central-type early-stage lung cancer","volume":"68","author":"Ikeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2013.01.004","article-title":"The effect of Radachlorin(R) PDT in advanced NSCLC: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025466","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer with airway stenosis","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.51537","article-title":"An update in clinical utilization of photodynamic therapy for lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02729-5","article-title":"Definitive surgery and intraoperative photodynamic therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000535270","article-title":"Clinical practice of photodynamic therapy for non-small cell lung cancer in different scenarios: Who is the better candidate","volume":"103","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.20-00002","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy using a novel phosphorus tetraphenylporphyrin induces an anticancer effect via Bax\/Bcl-xL-related mitochondrial apoptosis in biliary cancer cells","volume":"53","author":"Mai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.691697","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy-current limitations and novel approaches","volume":"9","author":"Gunaydin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2019.07.003","article-title":"Cell death in photodynamic therapy: From oxidative stress to anti-tumor immunity","volume":"1872","author":"Donohoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155100","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4782507","article-title":"Hydrogenation of di(methoxo)tetraphenylporphyrin phosphorus(V) to isobacteriochlorin, chlorin, and phlorin complex with long-wavelength absorption band","volume":"142","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c19-00770","article-title":"Basic investigations of singlet oxygen detection systems with ESR for the measurement of singlet oxygen quenching activities","volume":"68","author":"Takajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12857","article-title":"Cell death pathways associated with photodynamic therapy: An update","volume":"94","author":"Kessel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-023-02054-y","article-title":"Induction of ferroptosis by photodynamic therapy and enhancement of antitumor effect with ferroptosis inducers","volume":"59","author":"Kojima","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103686","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress-mediated regulated cell death as a vulnerability in cancer","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0173-8","article-title":"Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death","volume":"21","author":"Bock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.25-00002","article-title":"Non-cytotoxic photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium reduces the expression of CXCR4 and enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy in undifferentiated gastric cancer cell line HGC27","volume":"58","author":"Kai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554241241569","article-title":"HMGB2 promotes de novo lipogenesis to accelerate hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration","volume":"72","author":"Choijookhuu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.22-00075","article-title":"An advanced detection system for in situ hybridization using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based molecular beacon probe","volume":"55","author":"Choijookhuu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.24-00061","article-title":"SETDB1-mediated chromatin regulation in intestinal epithelial cells during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"58","author":"Higuchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.17003","article-title":"Estrogen accelerates cell proliferation through estrogen receptor alpha during rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy","volume":"50","author":"Batmunkh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.24-00046","article-title":"Effect of hepatic lipid overload on accelerated hepatocyte proliferation promoted by HGF expression via the SphK1\/S1PR2 pathway in MCD-diet mouse partial hepatectomy","volume":"57","author":"Lkham-Erdene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.08.008","article-title":"Hypericin-assisted photodynamic therapy against anaplastic thyroid cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101718","article-title":"Anticancer effect of LS-HB-mediated photodynamic therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10847","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910847","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy against colorectal cancer using porphin-loaded arene ruthenium cages","volume":"25","author":"Ghaddar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34265-x","article-title":"Improved anticancer efficacy of methyl pyropheophorbide-a-incorporated solid lipid nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy","volume":"13","author":"Yeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16890","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316890","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy","volume":"24","author":"Przygoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/xlca8048","article-title":"The efficacy and mechanism of thoracic photodynamic therapy mediated by hematoporphyrin injection on disseminated pleural Malignancies of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice","volume":"12","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers3022516","article-title":"Cell death pathways in photodynamic therapy of cancer","volume":"3","author":"Mroz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12952","article-title":"Apoptosis, paraptosis and autophagy: Death and survival pathways associated with photodynamic therapy","volume":"95","author":"Kessel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.023","article-title":"Major determinants of photoinduced cell death: Subcellular localization versus photosensitization efficiency","volume":"51","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102830","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria for cancer photodynamic therapy","volume":"38","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120898","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria in cancer therapy: Insight into photodynamic and photothermal therapies","volume":"307","author":"Kadkhoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01185","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy induced mitochondrial targeting strategies for cancer treatment: Emerging trends and insights","volume":"21","author":"Desai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1039\/b108586g","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how","volume":"1","author":"Oleinick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01429-4","article-title":"Mitochondria and cell death","volume":"26","author":"Glover","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00629-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Czabotar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.06.017","article-title":"Mitochondria in apoptosis: Bcl-2 family members and mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"21","author":"Martinou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2776(01)76020-8","article-title":"Cell death","volume":"187","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400453","article-title":"An elevated bax\/bcl-2 ratio corresponds with the onset of prostate epithelial cell apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Perlman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Diff"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.11.003","article-title":"Increase of Bax\/ Bcl-XL ratio and arrest of cell cycle by luteolin in immortalized human hepatoma cell line","volume":"76","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05933-2","article-title":"Methanolic extract of Artemisia absinthium prompts apoptosis, enhancing expression of Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio, cell cycle arrest, caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial membrane potential destruction in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells","volume":"47","author":"Nazeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-02013-w","article-title":"Improvement of the anticancer activities of telmisartan by Zn(II) complexation and mechanisms of action","volume":"197","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2004.12.005","article-title":"Bcl-xL\/Bax ratio is altered by IFNgamma in TNFalpha- but not in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cell line","volume":"1745","author":"Baillat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.161","article-title":"Puerarin attenuates neurological deficits via Bcl-2\/Bax\/cleaved caspase-3 and Sirt3\/SOD2 apoptotic pathways in subarachnoid hemorrhage mice","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2004.01.021","article-title":"Expression of p53 protein and the apoptotic regulatory molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","volume":"45","author":"Shabnam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115804","article-title":"Cell death and cancer: Metabolic interconnections","volume":"44","author":"Dalseno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5223(97)70008-4","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for endobronchial Malignant disease: a prospective fourteen-year study","volume":"114","author":"McCaughan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.08.031","article-title":"Red light photodynamic therapy with 10% aminolevulinic acid gel showed efficacy for treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma in a randomized, vehicle controlled, double-blind, multicenter phase III study","volume":"93","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06846-3","article-title":"Advantages of salvage photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium for local failure after chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy for esophageal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Minamide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-5002(03)00242-3","article-title":"Phase II clinical study of photodynamic therapy using mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 and diode laser for early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lung","volume":"42","author":"Kato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-09-2520","article-title":"Outcome of photodynamic therapy using NPe6 for bronchogenic carcinomas in central airways >1.0 cm in diameter","volume":"16","author":"Usuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102836","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy can be safely performed with Talaporfin sodium as a day treatment for central-type early-stage lung cancer","volume":"38","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1881286\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:23:37Z","timestamp":1784867017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1881286\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1881286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1881286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"1881286"}}