{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:20:48Z","timestamp":1790630448532,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasites and parasite-derived molecules play a complex role in cancer biology, and growing evidence suggests they influence cancer development. This systematic review explores the mechanisms underlying the pro-tumour and anti-tumour effects of parasites and their molecules in experimental cancer models. A total of 34 studies were reviewed, covering whole parasites and parasite-derived molecules, including vesicles, peptides, proteins, and miRNAs, across different cancer types. The evidence shows that the effects of parasites and parasite-derived molecules on cancer depend strongly on the parasite species, the molecules involved, and the host response. Pro-tumour effects were mainly associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, epithelial proliferation, and immune modulation. In contrast, anti-tumour effects were associated with direct cytotoxicity, inhibition of migration, and immune activation. Several parasite-derived molecules exhibited anti-tumour effects beyond their usual sites of infection, suggesting broader biological activity and potential therapeutic relevance. In conclusion, this review highlights the dual, context-dependent influence of parasites and parasite-derived molecules on cancer progression and supports further mechanistic and translational studies to investigate their potential as cancer-promoting factors and anticancer therapeutic candidates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420250656117.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1894132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:21:19Z","timestamp":1784175679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The dual role of parasites and parasite-derived 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