{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:10:15Z","timestamp":1790334615780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high heterogeneity and complex microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC) represent critical bottlenecks contributing to treatment resistance and clinical translation failure, and the iterative development of organoid technology provides a key driving force for precision oncology. This narrative review systematically outlines the four-stage developmental trajectory of CRC organoid technology\u2014while recognizing that these stages are not strictly sequential replacements but rather long-term coexisting and complementary approaches. The first-generation Matrigel embedding method established the foundation for three-dimensional culture but lacked adequate microenvironment simulation. The second generation achieved preliminary tumor\u2013stromal interactions through optimized culture media and co-culture systems. The third generation integrated engineering technologies such as microfluidic chips and bioprinting, overcoming bottlenecks in high-throughput standardization and dynamic regulation in dedicated platforms. The fourth generation leverages artificial intelligence (AI), achieving substantial advances in intelligent phenotypic analysis, drug-response prediction, and initial exploration of digital twin systems. By comparing differences in heterogeneity retention, throughput, clinical potential, and cost-effectiveness among the four generations, this review emphasizes their core clinical value in individualized medication guidance and novel target discovery. Despite persistent challenges\u2014including insufficient microenvironment simulation, poor AI explainability, and lack of standardization\u2014current evidence suggests that interdisciplinary integration and intelligent platform development can transform organoid technology into a key hub bridging basic research and clinical practice. We therefore recommend accelerating the establishment of standardized organoid biobanks, embedding AI-driven predictive models into clinical workflows, and formulating regulatory frameworks to facilitate the translation of organoid-based precision medicine for colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1901112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:43:47Z","timestamp":1790333027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Colorectal cancer organoids: a developmental trajectory from Matrigel embedding to AI-empowered precision medicine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuming Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Shaoyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuming Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuming Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuming Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118741","article-title":"Exploring and bypassing resistance to targeted therapies in colorectal cancer","volume":"193","author":"Favier","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1623117","article-title":"Targeting the epigenome and tumor heterogeneity: Advances in immunotherapy for chemoresistant metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01981-z","article-title":"Preclinical models as patients\u2019 avatars for precision medicine in colorectal cancer: Past and future challenges","volume":"40","author":"Durinikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188586","article-title":"Intestinal multicellular organoids to study colorectal cancer","volume":"1876","author":"Idris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0187","article-title":"EGFR blockade reverts resistance to KRASG12C inhibition in colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Amodio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2019.10.012","article-title":"Integrated chromatin and transcriptomic profiling of patient-derived colon cancer organoids identifies personalized drug targets to overcome oxaliplatin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Tung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-22-0415","article-title":"Loss of LGR5 through therapy-induced downregulation or gene ablation is associated with resistance and enhanced MET-STAT3 signaling in colorectal cancer cells","volume":"22","author":"Posey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132129","article-title":"The role of organoids in advancing colorectal cancer research: Insights and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Heydari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15818","article-title":"Modeling colorectal cancer: A bio-resource of 50 patient-derived organoid lines","volume":"37","author":"Engel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15330338231221856","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338231221856","article-title":"Deciphering the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer and guiding clinical treatment with patient-derived organoid technology: Progress and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.815067","article-title":"Application progress of organoids in colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.826613","article-title":"Organoid: Next-generation modeling of cancer research and drug development","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0050","article-title":"Colorectal cancer organoid-stroma Biobank allows subtype-specific assessment of individualized therapy responses","volume":"13","author":"Farin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0756","article-title":"Targeting CAFs-mediated stromal signaling in a patient-derived organotypic colorectal tumor model","volume":"24","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009494","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts shape early myeloid cell response to chemotherapy-induced immunogenic signals in next generation tumor organoid cultures","volume":"12","author":"Kabiljo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/adf099","article-title":"Engineered tumor microspheres via microfluidics and decellularized extracellular matrix for high-throughput organoid-based drug screening","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1506606","article-title":"Advances in the application of colorectal cancer organoids in precision medicine","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-025-01139-y","article-title":"A patient-derived organoid model captures fetal-like plasticity in colorectal cancer","volume":"35","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-2329","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids and xenografts uncover therapeutic vulnerabilities in colorectal signet ring cell carcinomas","volume":"31","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102397","article-title":"Comprehensive dissection of rectal cancer organoids in responses to chemoradiationCell Rep Med","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.191782","article-title":"Organoid culture of isolated cells from patient-derived tissues with colorectal cancer","volume":"129","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216737","article-title":"A growth factor-reduced culture system for colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"588","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.05.007","article-title":"Bioengineered human colon organoids with in vivo-like cellular complexity and function","volume":"31","author":"Mitrofanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10120845","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in organoid-based disease modeling: A new frontier in precision medicine","volume":"10","author":"Balkhair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.12.030","article-title":"Artificial intelligence virtual organoids (AIVOs)","volume":"59","author":"Bai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2021.100181","article-title":"In-depth comparison of matrigel dissolving methods on proteomic profiling of organoids","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.04.003","article-title":"A colorectal tumor organoid library demonstrates progressive loss of niche factor requirements during tumorigenesis","volume":"18","author":"Fujii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c00354","article-title":"Patient-derived organoid model in the prediction of chemotherapeutic drug response in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-026-03666-x","article-title":"A translational colorectal cancer organoid biobank mirrors patients\u2019 tumor histology, molecular profiles, and treatment responses","volume":"45","author":"Jesinghaus","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01986-8","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics analyses on patient-derived CRC organoids highlight altered molecular pathways in colorectal cancer progression involving PTEN","volume":"40","author":"Codrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-022-02673-3","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of colorectal cancer organoid system by single-cell RNA-Seq analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120248","article-title":"A fully defined 3D matrix for ex vivo expansion of human colonic organoids from biopsy tissue","volume":"262","author":"Bergenheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202502079","article-title":"Controlling intestinal organoid polarity using synthetic dynamic hydrogels decorated with laminin-derived IKVAV peptides","volume":"15","author":"Rijns","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102061","article-title":"Bioinspired 3D hydrogel scaffold to mimic tumor microenvironment for investigating into the anoikis resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer","volume":"33","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/CO.2025.9410017","article-title":"Bridging the gap between bench and bedside: Organoid technology in colorectal cancer treatment","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Organoid"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-03181-4","article-title":"Single-cell multiomic modelling of early metastatic events promoted by the extracellular matrix","volume":"133","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01632","article-title":"Matrix stiffness and biochemistry govern colorectal cancer cell growth and signaling in user-programmable synthetic hydrogels","volume":"11","author":"Kopyeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119400","article-title":"Mechanically and chemically defined hydrogel matrices for patient-derived colorectal tumor organoid culture","volume":"219","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.02.014","article-title":"Mimicking tumor cell heterogeneity of colorectal cancer in a patient-derived organoid-fibroblast model","volume":"15","author":"Atanasova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.009","article-title":"Generation of tumor-reactive T cells by co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor organoids","volume":"174","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015006","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac2ef9","article-title":"Enabling peristalsis of human colon tumor organoids on microfluidic chips","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102509","article-title":"Human colorectal cancer-on-chip model to study the microenvironmental influence on early metastatic spread","volume":"24","author":"Strelez","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00727","article-title":"Forming single-cell-derived colon cancer organoid arrays on a microfluidic chip for high throughput tumor heterogeneity analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LC00996K","article-title":"Microfluidic single-cell culture represents a versatile approach for tumor stem cell expansion and tumor organoid generation","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-01068-1","article-title":"Single-Cell-Derived Tumor Organoid (STO) arrays on a microfluidic chip for personalized drug screening to address heterogeneity-induced drug resistance in colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst Nanoeng"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC01216E","article-title":"An in vitro vascularized micro-tumor model of human colorectal cancer recapitulates in vivo responses to standard-of-care therapy","volume":"21","author":"Hachey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002974","article-title":"IFlowPlate-A customized 384-well plate for the culture of perfusable vascularized colon organoids","volume":"32","author":"Rajasekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100724","article-title":"On-chip modeling of tumor evolution: Advances, challenges and opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032001","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/acc279","article-title":"Microphysiological systems to study colorectal cancer: State-of-the-art","volume":"15","author":"Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06362-9","article-title":"Establishment of a novel microfluidic co-culture system for simultaneous analysis of multiple indicators of gefitinib sensitivity in colorectal cancer cells","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.129012","article-title":"Multiplexed tumor-mimetic dECM-chip platform for colorectal cancer: Interrogating pharmacological synergy and NK cell immunosurveillance dynamics","volume":"298","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191638","article-title":"Bioprinting of cells, organoids and organs-on-a-chip together with hydrogels improves structural and mechanical cues","volume":"13","author":"Mierke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035026","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad51a6","article-title":"3D bioprinting platform development for high-throughput cancer organoid models construction and drug evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303716","article-title":"Bioprinted multi-composition array mimicking tumor microenvironments to evaluate drug efficacy with multivariable analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.05.023","article-title":"Microfluidic-assisted engineering of hydrogels with microscale complexity","volume":"199","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.11.006","article-title":"Converging bioprinting and organoids to better recapitulate the tumor microenvironment","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-025-01292-z","article-title":"Bioengineering mini-colons for ex vivo colorectal cancer research","volume":"21","author":"Lorenzo-Mart\u00edn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.11.008","article-title":"Human colon-on-a-chip enables continuous in vitro analysis of colon mucus layer accumulation and physiology","volume":"9","author":"Sontheimer-Phelps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202506377","article-title":"Development of a 3D human colon model along with bioelectronics for the induction and monitoring of diseases","volume":"12","author":"Tavares-Negrete","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30722-9","article-title":"The drug-induced phenotypic landscape of colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"13","author":"Betge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108322","article-title":"Image-based profiling and deep learning reveal morphological heterogeneity of colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"173","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102886","article-title":"PAIP 2020: Microsatellite instability prediction in colorectal cancer","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-5388","article-title":"Current applications of colorectal cancer organoids: A review","volume":"33","author":"Ban","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Liver Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1077539","article-title":"A bibliometric and visual analysis of publications on artificial intelligence in colorectal cancer (2002\u20132022)","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0565-2","article-title":"High-throughput automated organoid culture via stem-cell aggregation in microcavity arrays","volume":"4","author":"Brandenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat BioMed Eng"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3625488","article-title":"A robotic system for long-term personalized automated cultivation of colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Robot Autom Lett"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad038","article-title":"Drug repurposing screening and mechanism analysis based on human colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"15","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.05.537","article-title":"Enhanced risk stratification for stage II colorectal cancer using deep learning-based CT classifier and pathological markers to optimize adjuvant therapy decision","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202510931","article-title":"Foundation model-enabled multimodal deep learning for prognostic prediction in colorectal cancer with incomplete modalities: A multi-institutional retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Qu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2025.100771","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based single-cell analysis as a next-generation histologic grading approach in colorectal cancer: Prognostic role and tumor biology assessment","volume":"38","author":"Barroso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93746-z","article-title":"CAD systems for colorectal cancer from WSI are still not ready for clinical acceptance","volume":"11","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2025.110542","article-title":"Deep learning based colorectal cancer detection in medical images: A comprehensive analysis of datasets, methods, and future directions","volume":"125","author":"G\u00fclmez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104608","article-title":"Organoids in drug development: From predictive models to regulatory integration","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.05.020","article-title":"Tumor organoids fill the niche","volume":"18","author":"Shroyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.06.010","article-title":"Delineating the longitudinal tumor evolution using organoid models","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.07.001","article-title":"Promoting biological similarity by collagen microfibers in 3D colorectal cancer-stromal tissue: Replicating mechanical properties and cancer stem cell markers","volume":"185","author":"Sasaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.10.008","article-title":"Disease modeling on tumor organoids implicates AURKA as a therapeutic target in liver metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Boos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2021.02.005","article-title":"Modeling colorectal cancers using multidimensional organoids","volume":"151","author":"Sayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202102784","article-title":"Acoustic bioprinting of patient-derived organoids for predicting cancer therapy responses","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbma.70028","article-title":"Advances in 3D organoids and Organ-on-a-chip systems for biomedical research","volume":"114","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Biomed Materials Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2025.2567802","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) as a promising platform for personalized treatment of colorectal cancer: Current applications and future challenges","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000882","article-title":"Organoid in colorectal cancer: Progress and challenges","volume":"133","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02591-z","article-title":"Proteotranscriptomic analysis of advanced colorectal cancer patient derived organoids for drug sensitivity prediction","volume":"42","author":"Papaccio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-02950-5","article-title":"Significance of homologous recombinant deficiency as a biomarker for drug sensitivity in colorectal cancer","volume":"132","author":"Kato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.10.036","article-title":"Loss of SUV420H2-dependent chromatin compaction drives right-sided colon cancer progression","volume":"164","author":"Boonsanay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.53901","article-title":"The CK1\u03b4\/\u03f5-AES axis regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04675-6","article-title":"Integrating cfDNA liquid biopsy and organoid-based drug screening reveals PI3K signaling as a promising therapeutic target in colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-00984-x","article-title":"Organoid screening reveals epigenetic vulnerabilities in human colorectal cancer","volume":"18","author":"Toshimitsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9636897251314645","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897251314645","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids: A platform for precision therapy of colorectal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay2574","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay2574","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids can predict response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients","volume":"11","author":"Ooft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02683-4","article-title":"Precision medicine applied to metastatic colorectal cancer using tumor-derived organoids and in-vitro sensitivity testing: A phase 2, single-center, open-label, and non-comparative study","volume":"42","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101335","article-title":"Unified framework for patient-derived, tumor-organoid-based predictive testing of standard-of-care therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.101198","article-title":"Establishment of patient-derived tumor organoids to functionally inform treatment decisions in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115585","article-title":"Colorectal cancer tissue-originated spheroids reveal tumor intrinsic signaling pathways and mimic patient clinical chemotherapeutic response as a rapid and valid model","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02034-1","article-title":"Immuno-genomic classification of colorectal cancer organoids reveals cancer cells with intrinsic immunogenic properties associated with patient survival","volume":"40","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.037","article-title":"Hydrogel-based colorectal cancer organoid co-culture models","volume":"132","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50438-2","article-title":"IL-1R signaling drives enteric glia-macrophage interactions in colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Van Baarle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/ZSOO2247","article-title":"Role of amino acid metabolism in tumor immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.07.006","article-title":"Stromal fibroblasts shape the myeloid phenotype in normal colon and colorectal cancer and induce CD163 and CCL2 expression in macrophages","volume":"520","author":"Stadler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-25-0766","article-title":"CLK1 Promotes Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Trafficking and Reprograms the Tumor microenvironment by activating Hippo\/YAP signaling in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-24-1194","article-title":"USP15 facilitates colorectal cancer immune evasion through SMYD3\/CCL2-dependent myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202500301","article-title":"Organoid vascularization: Strategies and applications","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113839","article-title":"Reconstructing the tumor architecture into organoids","volume":"176","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-025-02845-z","article-title":"A tumor-on-a-chip for in vitro study of CAR-T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.733317","article-title":"High-throughput 3D in vitro tumor vasculature model for real-time monitoring of immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2712-z","article-title":"Adaptable haemodynamic endothelial cells for organogenesis and tumorigenesis","volume":"585","author":"Palikuqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70258","article-title":"Vascularised organoids: Recent advances and applications in cancer research","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412815","article-title":"Personalized vascularized tumor organoid-on-a-chip for tumor metastasis and therapeutic targeting assessment","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2025.100866","article-title":"Histology-based virtual RNA inference identifies pathways associated with metastasis risk in colorectal cancer","volume":"38","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106115","article-title":"AI for colon cancer: A focus on classification, detection, and predictive modeling","volume":"206","author":"Merabet","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136776","article-title":"STING agonists and PI3K\u03b3 inhibitor co-loaded ferric ion-punicalagin networks for comprehensive cancer therapy","volume":"282","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-026-04211-8","article-title":"Single-center weakly supervised deep learning prediction of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and HER2 status in colorectal cancer from histopathology images using internal cross-validation","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2025.100891","article-title":"Assessing genotype-phenotype correlations in colorectal cancer with deep learning: A multicentre cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Gustav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105993","article-title":"AI-powered immune profiling from histopathology slides for chemo-radiotherapy outcome prediction in rectal cancer: A study using clinical trial and real-world cohorts","volume":"122","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBiomedicine"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02095-y","article-title":"Multimodal analysis of whole slide images in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Jonnagaddala","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1723995","article-title":"Application and challenges of tumor organoid technology in precision immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70103","article-title":"Single-cell multi-omics characterize colorectal tumors, adjacent healthy tissue and matched (tumor) organoids identifying CRC-unique features","volume":"157","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060457","article-title":"Colorectal organoids: Models, imaging, omics, therapy, immunology, and ethics","volume":"14","author":"Taglieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-023-00167-6","article-title":"Standard: Human intestinal cancer organoids","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Regener"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00017A","article-title":"VE-cadherin-based matrix promoting the self-reconstruction of pro-vascularization microenvironments and endothelial differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.053","article-title":"Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients","volume":"161","author":"Van De Wetering","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0584-2","article-title":"A rectal cancer organoid platform to study individual responses to chemoradiation","volume":"25","author":"Ganesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0171","article-title":"A new perspective on precision medicine: The power of digital organoids","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0127","article-title":"Organoid models in oncology: Advancing precision cancer therapy and vaccine development","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28445-y","article-title":"SM-Omics is an automated platform for high-throughput spatial multi-omics","volume":"13","author":"Vickovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03293-9","article-title":"TMO-Net: An explainable pretrained multi-omics model for multi-task learning in oncology","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbac132","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac132","article-title":"MDICC: Novel method for multi-omics data integration and cancer subtype identification","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btag070","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btag070","article-title":"moiraine: An R package to construct reproducible pipelines for the application and comparison of multi-omics integration methods","volume":"42","author":"Angelin-Bonnet","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106639","article-title":"Integrated analysis of multi-omics data for the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer","volume":"155","author":"Zafari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.08.007","article-title":"Towards personalized medicine of colorectal cancer","volume":"118","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70492","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics profiling to characterize molecular subtypes and reveal potential therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer","volume":"2025","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86032","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86032","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer via molecular analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.139206","article-title":"Engineering a cancer organoid-based platform for the early preclinical evaluation of the antitumor efficacy and safety of hydrophilic 2D metallic MoS(2) nanosheets","volume":"703","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01354-9","article-title":"Organoids and organs-on-chips: Insights into predicting the efficacy of systemic treatment in colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042006","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae0bb3","article-title":"Tumor organoid and tumor-on-a-chip equipped next generation precision medicine","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02429-0","article-title":"The application of organoids in treatment decision-making for digestive system cancers: Progress and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14010248","article-title":"An integrative roadmap for advancing colorectal cancer organoid","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2025.3626430","article-title":"Bayesian modeling of gene regulatory networks in colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202413017","article-title":"Chemical tomography of cancer organoids and cyto-Proteo-genomic development stages through chemical communication signals","volume":"37","author":"Maity","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbad304","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbad304","article-title":"A denoised multi-omics integration framework for cancer subtype classification and survival prediction","volume":"24","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216180","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids in translational oncology and drug screening","volume":"562","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0621","article-title":"Living biobank-based cancer organoids: Prospects and challenges in cancer research","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-03415","article-title":"The legal and ethical framework for artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A world endoscopy organization international consensus statement","volume":"179","author":"Ahmad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112980","article-title":"Comprehensive application of artificial intelligence in colorectal cancer: A review","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwag007","article-title":"Harnessing human tumor organoids for cancer modeling and precision therapy","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34297","article-title":"From organoids to bedside: Advances in modeling, decoding and targeting of colorectal cancer","volume":"152","author":"Betge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2018.09.001","article-title":"Studying cellular heterogeneity and drug sensitivity in colorectal cancer using organoid technology","volume":"52","author":"Sasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02959-5","article-title":"Precision medicine research progress based on colorectal cancer organoids","volume":"16","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Onc"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-10829-x","article-title":"Organoids as a robust preclinical model for precision medicine in colorectal cancer: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Flood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508534","article-title":"Multiscale construction, evaluation, and application of organoids","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030805","article-title":"The efficacy of using patient-derived organoids to predict treatment response in colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02567-w","article-title":"Colorectal cancer cell line-derived organoid model with stem cell properties captures the regrowing state of residual cancer cells after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Nakano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1901112\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:43:53Z","timestamp":1790333033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1901112\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":152,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1901112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1901112","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"1901112"}}