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One of the major obstacles to the widespread implementation of cancer vaccines into clinical practice is the lack of reproducible biomarkers to evaluate and predict the efficacy of tumor vaccine therapy. The most commonly used methods for assessing a patient\u2019s immune status are ELISA and flow cytometry, which make it possible to assess the activation of the patient\u2019s immune system. However, multiple clinical trials have not yet demonstrated the reproducibility of these study results. This review includes description of efficacy biomarkers and methods for their evaluation used in a number of tumor vaccines\u2019 clinical and preclinical trials, and discuss the challenges of applying the biomarkers in real-world clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1904586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:42:42Z","timestamp":1784886162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomarkers for predicting and monitoring the efficacy of cancer vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Remizova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u00abCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks\u00bb of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency","place":["Moscow, 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