{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:07:19Z","timestamp":1786122439532,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer (BCa) progression is driven by ongoing interactions between evolving tumor cells and the host immune system. Antitumor immunity is not the same across all BCa subtypes and depends on the quality, localization, and functional state of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Highly immunogenic subtypes, such as triple-negative and HER2-positive (+) BCa, generally show stronger immune infiltration and inflammatory signaling, whereas estrogen receptor\u2013positive tumors more often display immune-desert or immune-excluded phenotypes with limited immune cell infiltration and effector activity. Effective immune surveillance requires not only the presence of immune cells, but also their suitable spatial localization and functional capacity. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells mediate tumor control when they infiltrate tumor areas, whereas stromal-related limitations or functional exhaustion reduces their efficacy. This dysfunction is reinforced by regulatory populations, including FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages, which establish suppressive networks that inhibit effector responses. Within this framework, T-cell immunity is organized into distinct functional states, including stem-like progenitor exhausted T cells, which maintain their immune potential, and effector T cells responsible for cytotoxicity, which support local surveillance. Tertiary lymphoid structures further enhance coordinated immune activation by serving as intratumoral sites of antigen presentation and lymphocyte priming. Immune escape arises through T-cell exhaustion, impaired antigen presentation, tumor-intrinsic signaling changes, and stromal barriers that restrict infiltration. Collectively, these mechanisms generate a regulated, but often tumor-supporting immune environment. BCa progression therefore, reflects a balance between immune activation and suppression, governed by spatial organization and cellular stratification within the TME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1906555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:36:08Z","timestamp":1786098968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The heterogeneous and dynamic immune-tumor interface in breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Constantin N.","family":"Baxevanis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Cancer Hospital","place":["Athens, Greece"]},{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Goulielmaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Cancer Hospital","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos D.","family":"Gritzapis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Cancer Hospital","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ourania E.","family":"Tsitsilonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00714-6","article-title":"Towards targeting the breast cancer immune microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"Harris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020914","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment and immune response in breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Monzavi-Karbassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/1651-226X.2024.33008","article-title":"The tumor immune microenvironment in breast cancer progression","volume":"63","author":"Otterlei Fj\u00f8rtoft","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Oncol (Madr)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30904-X","article-title":"Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of 3771 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy","volume":"19","author":"Denkert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01010","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis: a pooled individual patient analysis of early-stage triple-negative breast cancers","volume":"37","author":"Loi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2024.02.008","article-title":"The anti-cancer immune response in breast cancer: current and emerging biomarkers and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Rayson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-3001","article-title":"Breast cancer immunotherapy: facts and hopes","volume":"24","author":"Emens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01990-4","article-title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kundu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21349","article-title":"Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer\u2013immune set point","volume":"541","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0007-y","article-title":"Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002194","article-title":"Patterns of immune infiltration in breast cancer and their clinical implications: a gene-expression-based retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.101","article-title":"The immune contexture in cancer prognosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Fridman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105082","article-title":"Spatial multiomics of the breast tumour microenvironment: state of the field, advancements and clinical implementation promises","volume":"218","author":"Stylianakis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.10.034","article-title":"Wnt signaling pathway in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"525","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1942","article-title":"WNT\/\u03b2-catenin pathway activation correlates with immune exclusion across human cancers","volume":"25","author":"Luke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13695","article-title":"Immune evasion: an imperative and consequence of MYC deregulation","volume":"18","author":"Krenz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.029","article-title":"The PI3K pathway in human disease","volume":"170","author":"Fruman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6395","article-title":"Extracellular matrix cancer\u2010associated fibroblasts promote stromal fibrosis and immune exclusion in triple\u2010negative breast cancer","volume":"265","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03518-0","article-title":"ECM-induced IL-23 drives immune suppression in breast cancer via regulating PD-1 on Tregs","volume":"44","author":"Talarico","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.10.003","article-title":"Update on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer, including recommendations to assess TILs in residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy and in carcinoma in situ: a report of the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer","volume":"52","author":"Dieci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax5851","article-title":"MIBI-TOF: a multiplexed imaging platform relates cellular phenotypes and tissue structure","volume":"5","author":"Keren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.12.018","article-title":"The balance between breast cancer and the immune system: challenges for prognosis and clinical benefit from immunotherapies","volume":"72","author":"Baxevanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02327-7","article-title":"The role of immune infiltrates as prognostic biomarkers in patients with breast cancer","volume":"68","author":"Baxevanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.04.014","article-title":"Conserved pan-cancer microenvironment subtypes predict response to immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Bagaev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96313","article-title":"Spatially distinct tumor immune microenvironments stratify triple-negative breast cancers","volume":"129","author":"Gruosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.11.003","article-title":"Breast cancer genomics and immuno-oncological markers to guide immune therapies","volume":"52","author":"Hammerl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0240-7","article-title":"Differential intratumoral distributions of CD8 and CD163 immune cells as prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Fortis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.018","article-title":"Tumor immunology and tumor evolution: intertwined histories","volume":"52","author":"Galon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14246208","article-title":"Association between intratumoral CD8+ T cells with FoxP3+ and CD163+ cells: a potential immune intrinsic negative feedback mechanism for acquired immune resistance","volume":"14","author":"Fortis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00520-5","article-title":"Macrophages as tools and targets in cancer therapy","volume":"21","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.08.009","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells: an intratumoral immunity cycle","volume":"56","author":"Fridman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-026-15928-0","article-title":"Spatial and temporal intratumoral heterogeneity in breast cancer: a systematic and conceptual review of single-cell and spatial omics studies","volume":"26","author":"Barjij","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0144-6","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Saut\u00e8s-Fridman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081176","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and stromal blood vessels have significant and heterogeneous impact on recurrence, lymphovascular and perineural invasion amongst breast cancer molecular subtypes","volume":"12","author":"Barb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2022.08.005","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), and expression of PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 on TIL in invasive and in situ ductal breast carcinomas and their relationship with prognostic factors","volume":"22","author":"Acar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02407-8","article-title":"The prognostic significance of peritumoral tertiary lymphoid structures in breast cancer","volume":"68","author":"Sofopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17233754","article-title":"Exploring the pivotal functions of tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Baxevanis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1827875","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures in breast cancer: formation, immune functions and clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02917-y","article-title":"Heterogeneity of tertiary lymphoid structures predicts the response to neoadjuvant therapy and immune microenvironment characteristics in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1507371","article-title":"Prognostic value of tertiary lymphoid structures in triple-negative breast cancer: integrated analysis with the tumor microenvironment and clinicopathological features","volume":"15","author":"Boissi\u00e8re-Michot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03635-y","article-title":"Characterizing tertiary lymphoid structures associated single-cell atlas in breast cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00870-6","article-title":"Regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression orchestrated by cancer: towards an immuno-genomic paradigm for precision medicine","volume":"21","author":"Kumagai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02064-1","article-title":"Decoding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1441820","article-title":"Tumor associated macrophages in breast cancer progression: implications and clinical relevance","volume":"15","author":"Stavrou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193410","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages as major immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Ghebremedhin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03518-8","article-title":"The axis of tumor-associated macrophages, extracellular matrix proteins, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00160","article-title":"Extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment and its impact on cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Henke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01424-6","article-title":"Macrophage barrier in the tumor microenvironment and potential clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signaling"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01061-6","article-title":"Roles of macrophages in tumor development: a spatiotemporal perspective","volume":"20","author":"Bied","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-022-00277-y","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment and its clinical relevance","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017","article-title":"Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02176-8","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer: research insights and sensitization strategies","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2024.102506","article-title":"Functional subsets of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in draining lymph nodes and tumor microenvironment","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1507283","article-title":"CD8+ T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-023-00652-3","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for breast cancer: lessons from epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition","volume":"27","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04017-6","article-title":"Immunogenic cell death in cancer: concept and therapeutic implications","volume":"21","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1097983","article-title":"Immunotherapy for HER-2 positive breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041069","article-title":"Immunotherapies against HER2-positive breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Duro-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00579-0","article-title":"Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer: advances and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Swain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00637-8","article-title":"Fc\u03b3 receptors and immunomodulatory antibodies in cancer","volume":"24","author":"Galvez-Cancino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1476904","article-title":"CD8+ T cell exhaustion and its regulatory mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment: key to the success of immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01896-9","article-title":"T cell dysfunction and therapeutic intervention in cancer","volume":"25","author":"Zebley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-061521-093717","article-title":"Advances in therapies targeting inhibitory checkpoint receptors: TIGIT, LAG-3, and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Healy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/onco4030010","article-title":"The world of immunotherapy needs more than PD-1\/PD-L1\u2014two of the new kids on the block: LAG-3 and TIGIT","volume":"4","author":"Gama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Onco"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01499-1","article-title":"Targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02175-9","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria: restoring the antitumor efficacy of exhausted T cells","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0218-4","article-title":"Tumour-intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"20","author":"Kalbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604958","article-title":"Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma","volume":"375","author":"Zaretsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1490","article-title":"Clonal neoantigens elicit T cell immunoreactivity and sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"351","author":"McGranahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4572","article-title":"Patient HLA class I genotype influences cancer response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"359","author":"Chowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055318","article-title":"CD8 T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection and cancer","volume":"37","author":"McLane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10501","article-title":"Adaptive resistance to therapeutic PD-1 blockade is associated with upregulation of alternative immune checkpoints","volume":"7","author":"Koyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404","article-title":"Melanoma-intrinsic \u03b2-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity","volume":"523","author":"Spranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-112019-072301","article-title":"The antisocial network: cross talk between cell death programs in host defense","volume":"39","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.12.007","article-title":"The urgent need to recover MHC class I in cancers for effective immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Garrido","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01062-w","article-title":"Resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy through inactivation of antigen presentation","volume":"8","author":"Sade-Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.001","article-title":"Allele-specific HLA loss and immune escape in lung cancer evolution","volume":"171","author":"McGranahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1906555\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:36:09Z","timestamp":1786098969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1906555\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1906555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1906555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"article-number":"1906555"}}