{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:08:20Z","timestamp":1788761300947,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer cachexia is a multisystem syndrome characterized by progressive skeletal muscle atrophy, anorexia, and weight loss, imposing a substantial global health burden. Gastrointestinal cancer cachexia is highly prevalent, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and there is currently a lack of effective diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies specifically targeting muscle atrophy. Identifying diagnostic and therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal cancer cachexia-related muscle atrophy represents a critical challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the role of MG53 in gastrointestinal cancer cachexia. Serum MG53 levels were analyzed in patients, and experimental models examined tumor-derived MG53 effects on cancer cachexia-related muscle atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated serum MG53 levels were found in gastrointestinal cancer cachexia patients. Tumor-derived MG53 aggravates cancer cachexia-related muscle atrophy by inhibiting the TLR4\/PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO3a signaling pathway in muscle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MG53 is identified as a novel cancer cachexia factor driving gastrointestinal cancer cachexia-related muscle atrophy by inhibiting the TLR4\/PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO3a signaling pathway in muscle. MG53 correlates with muscle atrophy, supporting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target of gastrointestinal cancer cachexia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1919475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:34:22Z","timestamp":1788759262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tumor-derived MG53 aggravates gastrointestinal cancer cachexia related muscle atrophy by inhibiting the TLR4\/PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO3a signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yong-Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Yuan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Yi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Yang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Lin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Zhen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.004","article-title":"Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) \"cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases\" and \"nutrition in geriatrics","volume":"29","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr (Edinburgh Scotland)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1345","article-title":"Definition of cancer cachexia: effect of weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation on functional status and prognosis","volume":"83","author":"Fearon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1697-z","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria of cancer cachexia: relation to quality of life, exercise capacity and survival in unselected palliative care patients","volume":"21","author":"Wallengren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v7.i4.17","article-title":"Cancer cachexia, mechanism and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestinal Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189208","article-title":"Mechanisms of cancer cachexia and targeted therapeutic strategies","volume":"1879","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002846","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Focus on cachexia factors and inter-organ communication","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2024.11.008","article-title":"Elucidating the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine formula (Yifei-sanjie Pill) in alleviating the chemobrain based on network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Tradit Complement Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2357616","article-title":"Yifei sanjie pills alleviate chemotherapy-related fatigue by reducing skeletal muscle injury and inhibiting tumor growth in lung cancer mice","volume":"2022","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021041","article-title":"Muscle wasting diseases: novel targets and treatments","volume":"59","author":"Furrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(96)10021-3","article-title":"The ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway in skeletal muscle: its role in pathological states","volume":"17","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00125.2016","article-title":"The ubiquitin proteasome system in atrophying skeletal muscle: roles and regulation","volume":"311","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00204.2014","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy and the E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx\/atrogin-1","volume":"307","author":"Bodine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1812","article-title":"MG53 nucleates assembly of cell membrane repair machinery","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01458-9","article-title":"E3 ligase MG53 suppresses tumor growth by degrading cyclin D1","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.754424","article-title":"MG53-IRS-1 (Mitsugumin 53-insulin receptor substrate-1) interaction disruptor sensitizes insulin signaling in skeletal muscle","volume":"291","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2010.1","article-title":"TRIM72 negatively regulates myogenesis via targeting insulin receptor substrate-1","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3354","article-title":"MG53-induced IRS-1 ubiquitination negatively regulates skeletal myogenesis and insulin signalling","volume":"4","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0099-9","article-title":"An MG53-IRS1-interaction disruptor ameliorates insulin resistance","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11834","article-title":"Central role of E3 ubiquitin ligase MG53 in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders","volume":"494","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.617845","article-title":"Serum MG53\/TRIM72 is associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.1.115","article-title":"Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography","volume":"85","author":"Mitsiopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-020-01124-x","article-title":"Prognostic significance of sarcopenia in microsatellite-stable gastric cancer patients treated with programmed death-1 inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.03.015","article-title":"Survival and CT defined sarcopenia in patients with intestinal failure on home parenteral support","volume":"39","author":"Oke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(08)70153-0","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Prado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12604","article-title":"Sarcopenia and low muscle radiodensity associate with impaired FEV(1) in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13122921","article-title":"CT body composition of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity: predictors of postoperative complications and survival in patients with locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Fehrenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000013878","article-title":"CT-quantified muscle and fat change in patients after surgery or endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer and its impact on long-term outcomes","volume":"97","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.807841","article-title":"The impact and clinical prediction of hyperglycemia during parenteral nutrition for nondiabetic patients after gastrectomy for gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700307","article-title":"Establishment of a benign meningioma cell line by hTERT-mediated immortalization","volume":"85","author":"P\u00fcttmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Invest; A J Tech Methods Pathol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153858","article-title":"Alantolactone ameliorates cancer cachexia-associated muscle atrophy mainly by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"95","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed Int J Phytother Phytopharmacology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091330","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential of ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate in alleviating skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.206","article-title":"Amino-Nogo-A antagonizes reactive oxygen species generation and protects immature primary cortical neurons from oxidative toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Mi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057865","article-title":"The inverse F-BAR domain protein srGAP2 acts through srGAP3 to modulate neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of mouse neuroblastoma cells","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.07.06","article-title":"Anti-cytokines in the treatment of cancer cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Prado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12631","article-title":"A calcineurin homologous protein inhibits GTPase-stimulated Na-H exchange","volume":"93","author":"Lin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5040","article-title":"CT-determined low skeletal muscle mass predicts worse overall survival of gastric cancer in patients with cachexia","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09502-0","article-title":"Molecular subtypes of human skeletal muscle in cancer cachexia","volume":"646","author":"Bhatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.67869","article-title":"MG53 inhibits cellular proliferation and tumor progression in colorectal carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190450","article-title":"Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia","volume":"218","author":"Rupert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193064","article-title":"Cachexia in pancreatic cancer: new insights to impact quality of life and survival","volume":"17","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2023068","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh3 induces pyroptosis and ferroptosis through the Stat3\/p53\/NRF2 axis in colorectal cancer cells","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00972-z","article-title":"GDF-15 in tumor-derived exosomes promotes muscle atrophy via Bcl-2\/caspase-3 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.04.015","article-title":"Cancer-derived exosome miRNAs induce skeletal muscle wasting by Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cachexia","volume":"24","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"Involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 in apoptosis of hippocampal neurons through Akt\/FoxO3a\/Bim signaling pathways","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sheng Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2306.06012","article-title":"A Mixture of Morus alba and Angelica keiskei Leaf Extracts Improves Muscle Atrophy by Activating the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Inhibiting FoxO3a In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"33","author":"Hwangbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091859","article-title":"Monotropein improves dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via the AKT\/mTOR\/FOXO3a signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01418-3","article-title":"MG53 suppresses tumor progression and stress granule formation by modulating G3BP2 activity in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-022-00414-6","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase MG53 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting RAC1 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/cad.0000000000001304","article-title":"Trim72 exerts antitumor effects in breast cancer and modulates lactate production and MCT4 promoter activity by interacting with PPP3CA","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.684643","article-title":"Development of an individualized ubiquitin prognostic signature for clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201805492","article-title":"Mg53 inhibits the progression of tongue cancer cells through regulating PI3K-AKT signaling pathway: Evidence from 3D cell culture and animal model","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/cbm-210345","article-title":"Ubiquitination and degradation of MGMT by TRIM72 increases the sensitivity of uveal melanoma cells to Dacarbazine treatment","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer biomark"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2009.06.020","article-title":"A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of infliximab for cancer-associated weight loss in elderly and\/or poor performance non-small cell lung cancer patients (N01C9)","volume":"68","author":"Jatoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.03.002","article-title":"Cytokine signaling in skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-164152","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced muscle catabolism via coordinate activation of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways","volume":"25","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(04)00400-3","article-title":"Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Sandri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/s1097-2765(04)00211-4","article-title":"The IGF-1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors","volume":"14","author":"Stitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.01.001","article-title":"Il-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer","volume":"26","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci115767","article-title":"Evidence for the involvement of interleukin 6 in experimental cancer cachexia","volume":"89","author":"Strassmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.01.001","article-title":"Il-6 and Stat3 are required for survival of intestinal epithelial cells and development of colitis-associated cancer","volume":"15","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1677","article-title":"Tumor-induced anorexia and weight loss are mediated by the TGF-beta superfamily cytokine MIC-1","volume":"13","author":"Johnen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12033","article-title":"Plasma growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with weight loss and mortality in cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Lerner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-15-3152","article-title":"Differential effects of IL6 and Activin A in the development of cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.011","article-title":"Reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting by ActRIIB antagonism leads to prolonged survival","volume":"142","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063983","article-title":"Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02347-2","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates Lewis lung carcinoma-induced muscle wasting via coordinate activation of protein degradation pathways","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1101-1014","article-title":"Akt\/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","article-title":"FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Mammucari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"Ikkbeta\/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022538","article-title":"Stat3 activation in skeletal muscle links muscle wasting and the acute phase response in cancer cachexia","volume":"6","author":"Bonetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c01051","article-title":"Exosomal microRNAs as central regulators of cancer cachexia: Multi-omics insights into muscle wasting and adipose browning","volume":"25","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200497200","article-title":"Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: Role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4","volume":"277","author":"Asea","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172756","article-title":"Patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells induce C2C12 myotube atrophy by releasing Hsp70 and Hsp90","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/spc.0000000000000233","article-title":"Animal models for cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Ballar\u00f2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.002","article-title":"Experimental cancer cachexia: Evolving strategies for getting closer to the human scenario","volume":"54","author":"Penna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13544","article-title":"L-carnitine relieves cachexia-related skeletal muscle fibrosis by inducing deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3L to negatively regulate the Runx2\/COL1A1 axis","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/spc.0000000000000380","article-title":"Understanding sex differences in the regulation of cancer-induced muscle wasting","volume":"12","author":"Montalvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117813","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An overview of emerging therapies and pathophysiological insights in age-related skeletal muscle decline","volume":"248","author":"Mishra","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13807","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor alpha in myocyte maintains muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1919475\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:34:23Z","timestamp":1788759263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1919475\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1919475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1919475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"article-number":"1919475"}}