{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:28:31Z","timestamp":1786512511777,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the major plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid in human diets, yet its relevance to cancer is often narrowly interpreted as a precursor to eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Here we propose a predictive fate-switch framework that treats ALA as a dietary lipid input whose biological output is dictated by tumor-intrinsic routing after uptake. Five competing fates are identified\u2014membrane phospholipid incorporation; elongation and desaturation mediated by fatty acid desaturases (FADSs) and elongases of very-long-chain fatty acids (ELOVLs); lipid-droplet buffering; mitochondrial \u03b2-oxidation; and peroxidation-prone phospholipid enrichment\u2014each governed by distinct molecular checkpoints. We organize these routes into three dominant but potentially overlapping tumor metabolic states: conversion-prone, storage-buffered, and peroxidation-vulnerable, which yield specific and testable predictions. For example, ALA is expected to exert stronger oxidative or ferroptosis-related effects in tumors with high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-phospholipid incorporation and weak peroxide defense, but weaker effects where it is sequestered into neutral lipid pools. Accordingly, future studies should prioritize direct assessment of ALA fate through lipidomics, isotope tracing, and redox profiling rather than relying on intake or exposure alone. We recognize that direct ALA-specific evidence remains uneven across mechanisms\u2014most notably in ferroptosis. Rather than undermining the framework, this unevenness defines its priority testing ground, transforming evidence gaps into actionable explorations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:45:59Z","timestamp":1786509959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alpha-linolenic acid in cancer: a predictive fate-switch framework for tumor lipid reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jinrui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hewei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yantao","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0646-3","article-title":"Emerging roles of lipid metabolism in cancer metastasis","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0650-z","article-title":"Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in cancer","volume":"122","author":"Koundouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0451-4","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cancer cells under metabolic stress","volume":"120","author":"Munir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/18715206113139990319","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Jing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000001190","article-title":"Re-evaluating omega-3 (EPA\/DHA) in cancer prevention and management","volume":"29","author":"Molfino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094909","article-title":"Current insights into the effects of dietary \u03b1-linolenic acid focusing on alterations of polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles in metabolic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Taki\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071514","article-title":"Health benefits of plant-derived \u03b1-linolenic acid","volume":"100","author":"Rajaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.04.013","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cancer: New perspectives and emerging mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Broadfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07180-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis as a new tool for tumor suppression through lipid peroxidation","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081895","article-title":"Lipid metabolism reprogramming in cancer: Insights into tumor cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050814","article-title":"Metabolic ripple effects \u2013 deciphering how lipid metabolism in cancer interfaces with the tumor microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Jonker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-2491","article-title":"ACSL4-mediated membrane phospholipid remodeling induces integrin \u03b21 activation to facilitate triple-negative breast cancer metastasis","volume":"84","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081941","article-title":"Lipid droplets in cancer: Guardians of fat in a stressful world","volume":"23","author":"Petan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19551","article-title":"Alpha-linolenic acid stabilizes HIF-1 \u03b1 and downregulates FASN to promote mitochondrial apoptosis for mammary gland chemoprevention","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030260","article-title":"The antitumor effects of \u03b1-linolenic acid","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001614","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and cancers: a systematic update review of epidemiological studies","volume":"107","author":"Gerber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.948604","article-title":"Association of dietary intake and biomarker of \u03b1-linolenic acid with incident colorectal cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1467S","article-title":"Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans","volume":"83","author":"Arterburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144471","article-title":"Effects of dietary \u03b1-linolenic acid treatment and the efficiency of its conversion to eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in obesity and related diseases","volume":"27","author":"Takic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac016","article-title":"Impact of \u03b1-linolenic acid, the vegetable \u03c9-3 fatty acid, on cardiovascular disease and cognition","volume":"13","author":"Sala-Vila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200203000-00002","article-title":"Efficiency of conversion of \u03b1-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man","volume":"5","author":"Brenna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0809-2","article-title":"A new concept of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long-chain fatty acids","volume":"36","author":"Stremmel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.226316","article-title":"Human fatty acid transport protein 2a\/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (FATP2a\/Acsvl1) has a preference in mediating the channeling of exogenous n-3 fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol","volume":"286","author":"Melton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.09.137","article-title":"Overexpression of human fatty acid transport protein 2\/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (FATP2\/Acsvl1) reveals distinct patterns of trafficking of exogenous fatty acids","volume":"440","author":"Melton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029662","article-title":"Elongase reactions as control points in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Gregory","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-024-00747-4","article-title":"Genetic association between FADS and ELOVL polymorphisms and the circulating levels of EPA\/DHA in humans: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Loukil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The key roles of elongases and desaturases in mammalian fatty acid metabolism: Insights from transgenic mice","volume":"49","author":"Guillou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2016.07.002","article-title":"Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans","volume":"64","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030128","article-title":"An increase in the omega-6\/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity","volume":"8","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2006.07.080","article-title":"Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6\/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases","volume":"60","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.04.001","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids, membrane remodeling and cancer prevention","volume":"64","author":"Fuentes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002689","article-title":"Conversion of \u03b1-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women","volume":"88","author":"Burdge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1167","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations are higher in women than in men because of estrogenic effects","volume":"80","author":"Giltay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-034","article-title":"Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements","volume":"32","author":"Plourde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.89","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of fatty acid synthesis in cancer","volume":"16","author":"R\u00f6hrig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01118-4","article-title":"Spatial single-cell isotope tracing reveals heterogeneity of de novo fatty acid synthesis in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Buglakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20791","article-title":"Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36","volume":"541","author":"Pascual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1371","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived lipids mediate melanoma progression via FATP proteins","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2492","article-title":"Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth","volume":"17","author":"Nieman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2222","article-title":"Fatty acid synthase and the lipogenic phenotype in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Menendez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0090-6","article-title":"\u03b1-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, alone and combined with trastuzumab, reduce HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell growth but differentially regulate HER2 signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.283","article-title":"n-3 and n-6 fatty acid processing and growth effects in neoplastic and non-cancerous human mammary epithelial cell lines","volume":"70","author":"Grammatikos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04897.x","article-title":"Growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of alpha-linolenic acid on estrogen-positive breast cancer cells","volume":"1171","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1430fje","article-title":"n-3 PUFA alter caveolae lipid composition and resident protein localization in mouse colon","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.548","article-title":"(n-3) PUFA alter raft lipid composition and decrease epidermal growth factor receptor levels in lipid rafts of human breast cancer cells","volume":"137","author":"Schley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201400464","article-title":"Bypassing the \u03946-desaturase enzyme and directly providing n-3 and n-6 PUFA pathway intermediates reduces the survival of two human breast cancer cell lines","volume":"117","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-024-00090-6","article-title":"FADS1\/2 control lipid metabolism and ferroptosis susceptibility in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Lorito","year":"2024","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006828117","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway determines ferroptosis sensitivity in gastric cancer","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053104","article-title":"Prostatic alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer: a relationship which may depend on genetic variation in ALA metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Azrad","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-2511","article-title":"ELOVL5 is a critical and targetable fatty acid elongase in prostate cancer","volume":"81","author":"Centenera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15454","article-title":"ELOVL5-mediated fatty acid elongation promotes cellular proliferation and invasion in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Nitta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05209-6","article-title":"Downregulation of Elovl5 promotes breast cancer metastasis through a lipid-droplet accumulation-mediated induction of TGF-\u03b2 receptors","volume":"13","author":"Kieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.21","article-title":"Adipocytes activate mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and autophagy to promote tumor growth in colon cancer","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2239","article-title":"ACSL4 dictates ferroptosis sensitivity by shaping cellular lipid composition","volume":"13","author":"Doll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2238","article-title":"Oxidized arachidonic and adrenic PEs navigate cells to ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Kagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.010","article-title":"Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1707-0","article-title":"FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor","volume":"575","author":"Doll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.70194","article-title":"SCD1\/FADS2 fatty acid desaturases equipoise lipid metabolic activity and redox-driven ferroptosis in ascites-derived ovarian cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Xuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234992","article-title":"Protective effect of alpha-linolenic acid on human oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis and apoptotic cell death","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092741","article-title":"\u03b1-Linolenic acid suppresses proliferation and invasion in osteosarcoma cells via inhibiting fatty acid synthase","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1336","article-title":"\u03b1-linolenic acid inhibits human renal cell carcinoma cell proliferation through PPAR-\u03b3 activation and COX-2 inhibition","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.11.001","article-title":"Comparison of stearidonic acid and alpha-linolenic acid on PGE2 production and COX-2 protein levels in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell cultures","volume":"16","author":"Horia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-08-0385","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids down-modulate CXCR4 expression and function in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Altenburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res MCR"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9029076","article-title":"Rate constants for peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols in solution and in liposomes","volume":"131","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.07.002","article-title":"Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels","volume":"48","author":"Barcel\u00f3-Coblijn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55050-4","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids-induced ferroptosis suppresses pancreatic cancer growth","volume":"14","author":"Suda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2025.2538294","article-title":"Alpha-linolenic acid protects against heatstroke-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis through Nrf2 activation","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2623-z","article-title":"Lymph protects metastasizing melanoma cells from ferroptosis","volume":"585","author":"Ubellacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.016","article-title":"Peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the acidic tumor environment leads to ferroptosis-mediated anticancer effects","volume":"33","author":"Dierge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44412-7","article-title":"Cell cycle arrest induces lipid droplet formation and confers ferroptosis resistance","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1705-2","article-title":"The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis","volume":"575","author":"Bersuker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2213","article-title":"Dietary intake and biomarkers of alpha linolenic acid and risk of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"375","author":"Naghshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719693","article-title":"Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects after ingestion of three different forms of flaxseed","volume":"27","author":"Austria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24297","article-title":"Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition","volume":"551","author":"Hangauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104867","article-title":"Nutrigenetics and omega-3 and gamma-linolenic acid intake and status in patients with cancer: a PRISMA scoping review of research trends and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Zikic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082351","article-title":"The \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidative stress in long-term parenteral nutrition dependent adult patients: functional lipidomics approach","volume":"12","author":"Kosek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-025-00215-y","article-title":"Antioxidants rescue murine mesangial cells from docosahexaenoic acid-induced ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Saschin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Cell Pediatr"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205028","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune cells","volume":"20","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.08.010","article-title":"Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance","volume":"1851","author":"Calder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115581838","article-title":"Nutrition modulation of cardiotoxicity and anticancer efficacy related to doxorubicin chemotherapy by glutamine and \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9744-y","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer","volume":"37","author":"Volpato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928431\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:46:11Z","timestamp":1786509971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928431\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"article-number":"1928431"}}