{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:17:03Z","timestamp":1787915823463,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive, treatment-refractory phenotype of advanced prostate cancer. This narrative review was informed by targeted searches of PubMed, Web of Science through May 2026. We classify evidence as Level A (human NEPC samples or clinical cohorts), Level B (NEPC-specific models), Level C (prostate adenocarcinoma or CRPC without NEPC resolution), or Level D (pan-cancer or non-prostate extrapolation), and apply these levels to central claims and a study-level evidence table. Direct human data support immune depletion in most NEPC tumors, with heterogeneous macrophage, fibroblast and lymphoid remodeling in selected cohorts; model studies support context-dependent cytokine, hypoxic, extracellular-matrix and metabolic effects on lineage plasticity. By contrast, CAF-derived lactate fueling NEPC, a dense collagen drug barrier, and NEPC-specific vascular permeability remain unvalidated. Most TME-directed treatments are preclinical or extrapolated, whereas DLL3-directed therapy has shown early activity in biomarker-selected disease. Longitudinal biopsies, spatial multi-omics, humanized models and biomarker-defined trials are needed to distinguish causal vulnerabilities from correlates of treatment-emergent lineage transition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:35:18Z","timestamp":1787913318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in understanding the tumor microenvironment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang","place":["Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengkang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangcai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70043","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70028","article-title":"Prostate cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Kratzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.08.011","article-title":"Clinical features of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"121","author":"Conteduca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2548975","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuroendocrine differentiation in castration-resistant prostate cancer and advances in the treatment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00490-0","article-title":"Molecular events in neuroendocrine prostate cancer development","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.761","article-title":"Neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in human cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medcomm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-18-1912","article-title":"A phase II trial of the Aurora kinase A inhibitor alisertib for patients with castration-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer: efficacy and biomarkers","volume":"25","author":"Beltran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0791","article-title":"New insights into potential therapeutic targets for neuroendocrine prostate cancer: from bench to clinic","volume":"8","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06177-2","article-title":"Androgen deprivation promotes neuroendocrine differentiation and angiogenesis through CREB-EZH2-TSP1 pathway in prostate cancers","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02137-1","article-title":"Prostate cancer microenvironment: multidimensional regulation of immune cells, vascular system, stromal cells, and microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.03.027","article-title":"Circular RMST cooperates with lineage-driving transcription factors to govern neuroendocrine transdifferentiation","volume":"43","author":"Teng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02265-4","article-title":"NKX2-1 drives neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of prostate cancer via epigenetic and 3D chromatin remodeling","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2025.100916","article-title":"CXCR4-LASP1-G9a-SNAIL axis drives NEPC transdifferentiation via induction of EMT and downregulation of REST","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Genomics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.03.001","article-title":"N-Myc drives neuroendocrine prostate cancer initiated from human prostate epithelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01597-7","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of the prostate tumor microenvironment identifies CXCR4\/CXCL12 crosstalk as a novel antiangiogenic therapeutic target in prostate cancer","volume":"21","author":"Heidegger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305724","article-title":"Integration analysis of single-cell multi-omics reveals prostate cancer heterogeneity","volume":"11","author":"Bian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-024-05983-0","article-title":"Unraveling molecular characteristics and tumor microenvironment dynamics of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"150","author":"Heimd\u00f6rfer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-026-02617-6","article-title":"Integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling decodes lineage plasticity and immune microenvironment remodeling in prostate cancer progression","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-22-3743","article-title":"Immunogenomic landscape of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"Bhinder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01634-6","article-title":"Harnessing the tumor microenvironment: targeted cancer therapies through modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"18","author":"Glaviano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02496-3","article-title":"Irradiated microparticles suppress prostate cancer by tumor microenvironment reprogramming and ferroptosis","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotech"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07142-2","article-title":"KIF1A promotes neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer by regulating the OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.695","article-title":"The central role of Sphingosine kinase 1 in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC): a new targeted therapy of NEPC","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf6732","article-title":"Targeting DNA methylation and B7-H3 in RB1-deficient and neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.10.011","article-title":"FOXA2 drives lineage plasticity and KIT pathway activation in neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"40","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905384117","article-title":"Trop2 is a driver of metastatic prostate cancer with neuroendocrine phenotype via PARP1","volume":"117","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322203121","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of treatment-resistant prostate cancer: implications of cell state changes for cell surface antigen-targeted therapies","volume":"121","author":"Zaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.10.009","article-title":"Temporal evolution reveals bifurcated lineages in aggressive neuroendocrine small cell prostate cancer trans-differentiation","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-22-0692","article-title":"Nucleosome patterns in circulating tumor DNA reveal transcriptional regulation of advanced prostate cancer phenotypes","volume":"13","author":"De Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00599-6","article-title":"Assessment of TROP2, CEACAM5 and DLL3 in metastatic prostate cancer: expression landscape and molecular correlates","volume":"8","author":"Ajkunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05836-7","article-title":"CHRM4\/AKT\/MYCN upregulates interferon alpha-17 in the tumor microenvironment to promote neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010135","article-title":"Expression of fibroblast activation protein is enriched in neuroendocrine prostate cancer and predicts worse survival","volume":"13","author":"Vlachostergios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-1211","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of tarlatamab in patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer: results from the phase 1b DeLLpro-300 study","volume":"31","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-022-00524-7","article-title":"A phase 2 trial of avelumab in men with aggressive-variant or neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104576","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptional regulation and genetic evolution of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108955","article-title":"Spatial gene expression analysis reveals characteristic gene expression patterns of de novo neuroendocrine prostate cancer coexisting with androgen receptor pathway prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.70099","article-title":"Single\u2010cell transcriptomics redefines focal neuroendocrine differentiation as a distinct prostate cancer pathology","volume":"19","author":"Quezada Urban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.70144","article-title":"Endothelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor microenvironment promotes neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer","volume":"116","author":"Kageyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci175217","article-title":"Notch signaling suppresses neuroendocrine differentiation and alters the immune microenvironment in advanced prostate cancer","volume":"134","author":"Ku","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-09-3515","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases contribute distinct roles in neuroendocrine prostate carcinogenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis progression","volume":"70","author":"Littlepage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01295-5","article-title":"Zeb1-controlled metabolic plasticity enables remodeling of chromatin accessibility in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Diff"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-25-0974","article-title":"Serotonin modulates lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via epigenetic reprogramming","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.01.007","article-title":"Effective therapeutic targeting of tumor lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer by BRD4 inhibitors","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-025-00928-z","article-title":"Targeting the histone reader ZMYND8 inhibits antiandrogen-induced neuroendocrine tumor transdifferentiation of prostate cancer","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1587","article-title":"Targeting MCT4 to reduce lactic acid secretion and glycolysis for treatment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-154","article-title":"Tumor-stroma metabolic relationship based on lactate shuttle can sustain prostate cancer progression","volume":"14","author":"Sanita","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-352","article-title":"A lactate shuttle system between tumour and stromal cells is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Pertega-Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.05.016","article-title":"Antiandrogen treatment induces stromal cell reprogramming to promote castration resistance in prostate cancer","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-22-0211","article-title":"Rising stars: Heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment in neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"256","author":"Brady","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1476904","article-title":"CD8+ T cell exhaustion and its regulatory mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment: key to the success of immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113424","article-title":"Prostate cancer cell-derived exosomal IL-8 fosters immune evasion by disturbing glucolipid metabolism of CD8+ T cell","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.003","article-title":"The cytokine Meteorin-like inhibits anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses by disrupting mitochondrial function","volume":"57","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.92336","article-title":"Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomics develops a robust neuroendocrine cell-intrinsic signature to predict prostate cancer progression","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00838-6","article-title":"The neuroendocrine transition in prostate cancer is dynamic and dependent on ASCL1","volume":"5","author":"Romero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096221093886","article-title":"Review of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in neuroendocrine tumor of prostate and our experience in 2 cases","volume":"10","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.04.003","article-title":"Systematic elucidation and pharmacological targeting of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cell master regulators","volume":"41","author":"Obradovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00522-z","article-title":"Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.004","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E induces pathogenic senescent-like myeloid cells in prostate cancer","volume":"41","author":"Bancaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1226443","article-title":"Function of reactive oxygen species in myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1157537","article-title":"Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor immunotherapy: current, future and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020310","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in solid tumors","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01680","article-title":"The new era of cancer immunotherapy: targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells to overcome immune evasion","volume":"11","author":"De Cicco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132251","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) at the crossroad of senescence and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Talarico","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010020","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in prostate cancer: present knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Koinis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02208-3","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment and their targeting in cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-01003-9","article-title":"Clinical and biological features of neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092152","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms: interaction between tumors and immune cells, and potential effects of neuroendocrine differentiation on the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Tsunokake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217090","article-title":"Binding of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist to cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 promotes immunosuppression and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer","volume":"598","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13614","article-title":"Immunosuppressive role of BDNF in therapy-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05429-3","article-title":"Phenotypic profiling of human induced regulatory T cells at early differentiation: insights into distinct immunosuppressive potential","volume":"81","author":"Kattelus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1581093","article-title":"Revisiting Tregs in cancer and beyond: immunological control and therapeutic potential","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1295257","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages: an effective player of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Basak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02325-5","article-title":"Dual roles and therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironments","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00546-5","article-title":"Clinical and therapeutic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01860-5","article-title":"Define cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment: new opportunities in cancer immunotherapy and advances in clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03305-5","article-title":"Comprehensive analyses of the cancer-associated fibroblast subtypes and their score system for prediction of outcomes and immunosuppressive microenvironment in prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03518-8","article-title":"The axis of tumor-associated macrophages, extracellular matrix proteins, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03064-1","article-title":"PAX6 promotes neuroendocrine phenotypes of prostate cancer via enhancing MET\/STAT5A-mediated chromatin accessibility","volume":"43","author":"Jing","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.185952","article-title":"ASCL1 regulates and cooperates with FOXA2 to drive terminal neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate cancer","volume":"9","author":"Nouruzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813673","article-title":"Targeting key players of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Zamora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01099-2","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts as therapeutic targets for cancer: advances, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1136835","article-title":"Identification of the novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers associated of prostate cancer with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)","volume":"13","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1372432","article-title":"A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1516","article-title":"The molecular classification of cancer\u2010associated fibroblasts on a pan\u2010cancer single\u2010cell transcriptional atlas","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14101403","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts arising from endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: induction factors, functional roles, and transcriptomic evidence","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.25.650369","article-title":"Longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing of a neuroendocrine transdifferentiation model reveals transcriptional reprogramming in treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer","author":"Sar","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.09.001","article-title":"Single-cell resolution spatial analysis of antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblast niches","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01491","article-title":"Molecular links between angiogenesis and neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer progression","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00779-x","article-title":"Decoding tumor angiogenesis: pathways, mechanisms, and future directions in anti-cancer strategies","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02249-0","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108187","article-title":"Heterogeneity in VEGF receptor-2 mobility and organization on the endothelial cell surface leads to diverse models of activation by VEGF","volume":"32","author":"Da Rocha-Azevedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231999","article-title":"Therapeutic exploitation of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation drivers in prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Maylin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08251-5","article-title":"The role of hypoxia on prostate cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"50","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06890-6","article-title":"Independence of HIF1\u03b1 and androgen signaling pathways in prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359241269676","article-title":"Promising therapy for neuroendocrine prostate cancer: current status and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1394878","article-title":"Direct antitumor activity of bevacizumab: an overlooked mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02031-1","article-title":"Androgen deprivation induces neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer cells through CREB1\/EZH2-mediated downregulation of REST","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06744-4","article-title":"Paracrine signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts: central regulators of the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00292-025-01449-3","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate neoplasms","volume":"46","author":"Grobholz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathol (Heidelb)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-24-1388","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer requires ASCL1","volume":"84","author":"Rodarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02255-y","article-title":"Aggressive variants of prostate cancer: underlying mechanisms of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation","volume":"41","author":"Merkens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02094-3","article-title":"ZNF507 affects TGF-\u03b2 signaling via TGFBR1 and MAP3K8 activation in the progression of prostate cancer to an aggressive state","volume":"40","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2025.8942","article-title":"Widespread activation and critical role of EMT and stemness in the neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer (Review)","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.955669","article-title":"Focus on the tumor microenvironment: a seedbed for neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162797","article-title":"Targeting IL-8 and its receptors in prostate cancer: inflammation, stress response, and treatment resistance","volume":"16","author":"McClelland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2025.115267","article-title":"The role of IL-8 in cancer development and its impact on immunotherapy resistance","volume":"218","author":"Meier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1075707","article-title":"Role of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers in driving lineage reprogramming in treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00647-2","article-title":"Extracellular matrix stiffness: mechanisms in tumor progression and therapeutic potential in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01744-8","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling in tumor progression and immune escape: from mechanisms to treatments","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115812","article-title":"The hyaluronan\/CD44 axis: a double-edged sword in cancer","volume":"24","author":"Cirillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1467602","article-title":"Targeting extracellular matrix stiffness for cancer therapy","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106275","article-title":"Matrix stiffness induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via Piezo1-regulated calcium flux in prostate cancer cells","volume":"26","author":"Lopez-Cavestany","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/narcan\/zcaf010","article-title":"Matrix stiffness modulates androgen response genes and chromatin state in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Kaarij\u00e4rvi","year":"2025","journal-title":"NAR Cancer"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-24-0002","article-title":"The interplay between extracellular matrix remodeling and cancer therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Prakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1191311","article-title":"Lineage plasticity and treatment resistance in prostate cancer: the intersection of genetics, epigenetics, and evolution","volume":"14","author":"Imamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05199-3","article-title":"Understanding the matrix: collagen modifications in tumors and their implications for immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Borst","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1199513","article-title":"Regulation of tumor immunity and immunotherapy by the tumor collagen extracellular matrix","volume":"14","author":"Flies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.07.006","article-title":"Beyond matrix stiffness: targeting force-induced cancer drug resistance","volume":"9","author":"Kalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162871","article-title":"Glutamine metabolism and prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Erb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-23-0540","article-title":"A compound that inhibits glycolysis in prostate cancer controls growth of advanced prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Uo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1513047","article-title":"Lactate-induced protein lactylation in cancer: functions, biomarkers and immunotherapy strategies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0714","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells in prostate cancer","author":"Banerjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.100555","article-title":"Immunological facets of prostate cancer and the potential of immune checkpoint inhibition in disease management","volume":"14","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02212-7","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint inhibitors: updated insights","volume":"24","author":"Alsaafeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02280-1","article-title":"Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110520","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 neutralization attenuates tumor residency of activated T cells to enhance systemic immunity in mice","volume":"27","author":"Fay","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.04.008","article-title":"Macrophage diversity in cancer revisited in the era of single-cell omics","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01232-z","article-title":"Targeting of TAMs: can we be more clever than cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Kzhyshkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02023-w","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1\/PD-L1 in cancers","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1359532","article-title":"Programmed cell death-ligand 2: new insights in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.07.001","article-title":"Tumor aerobic glycolysis confers immune evasion through modulating sensitivity to T cell-mediated bystander killing via TNF-\u03b1","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02460-1","article-title":"Immunometabolism: crosstalk with tumor metabolism and implications for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53039-1","article-title":"Targeting IRE1\u03b1 reprograms the tumor microenvironment and enhances anti-tumor immunity in prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Unal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03520-0","article-title":"Acid affairs in anti-tumour immunity","volume":"24","author":"Cappellesso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02082-x","article-title":"Lactate and lactylation in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02033-1","article-title":"Targeting HGF\/c-MET signaling to regulate the tumor microenvironment: implications for counteracting tumor immune evasion","volume":"23","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01577-5","article-title":"The role of MET in chemotherapy resistance","volume":"40","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02599-7","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts and resistance to anticancer therapies: status, mechanisms, and countermeasures","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1491400","article-title":"Decoding tumor-fibrosis interplay: mechanisms, impact on progression, and innovative therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-023-00172-9","article-title":"Cell mediated ECM-degradation as an emerging tool for anti-fibrotic strategy","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Regener"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01180-8","article-title":"Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and the interplay of HIFs and NRF2 signaling in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112945","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 drives resistance to ferroptosis in solid tumors by promoting lactate production and activating SLC1A1","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01761-7","article-title":"Unleashing the potential of combining FGFR inhibitor and immune checkpoint blockade for FGF\/FGFR signaling in tumor microenvironment","volume":"22","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46110783","article-title":"Pharmacological and biological targeting of FGFR1 in cancer","volume":"46","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.09.003","article-title":"Androgen receptor pathway-independent prostate cancer is sustained through FGF signaling","volume":"32","author":"Bluemn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02724-y","article-title":"Novel cancer treatment paradigm targeting hypoxia-induced factor in conjunction with current therapies to overcome resistance","volume":"42","author":"Kao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01114-w","article-title":"Normalization of the tumor microenvironment by harnessing vascular and immune modulation to achieve enhanced cancer therapy","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101626","article-title":"Modulating cancer mechanopathology to restore vascular function and enhance immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Mpekris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1291530","article-title":"Targeting vascular normalization: a promising strategy to improve immune-vascular crosstalk in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02106-8","article-title":"Cancer therapy resistance mediated by cancer-associated fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles: biological mechanisms to clinical significance and implications","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02566-x","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts in cancer drug resistance and cancer progression: a review","volume":"11","author":"Masuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01868-3","article-title":"Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02183-9","article-title":"Crosstalk of pyroptosis and cytokine in the tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to clinical implication","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110635","article-title":"Cancer cell-fibroblast crosstalk via HB-EGF, EGFR, and MAPK signaling promotes the expression of macrophage chemo-attractants in squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Giangreco","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111269","article-title":"Reprogramming of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts via IGF2-mediated autophagy promotes metastasis of lung cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01383-x","article-title":"Tumor cell plasticity in targeted therapy-induced resistance: mechanisms and new strategies","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01805-5","article-title":"NDR1 mediates PD-L1 deubiquitination to promote prostate cancer immune escape via USP10","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02400-z","article-title":"Overcoming resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy: mechanisms, combination strategies, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Mandal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.05.013","article-title":"CSF1R+ myeloid-monocytic cells drive CAR-T cell resistance in aggressive B cell lymphoma","volume":"43","author":"Stahl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01733-x","article-title":"CD39\/CD73\/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e17024","article-title":"Prostate adenocarcinoma to neuroendocrine tumor: a therapy-driven response","volume":"43","author":"Ritschard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104182","article-title":"Targeting the negative feedback of adenosine-A2AR metabolic pathway by a tailored nanoinhibitor for photothermal immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352632","article-title":"Investigating the complex interplay between fibroblast activation protein \u03b1-positive cancer associated fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment in the context of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Kraxner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1602452","article-title":"Role of TGF\u03b2-activated cancer-associated fibroblasts in the resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.837230","article-title":"Adenosine-A2A receptor pathway in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352615","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of fibroblast activation protein expression across 23 tumor indications: insights for biomarker development in cancer immunotherapies","volume":"15","author":"Dziadek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06338-6","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted radionuclide therapy: which ligand is the best","volume":"50","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887380","article-title":"Cancer associated fibroblasts - an impediment to effective anti-cancer T cell immunity","volume":"11","author":"Koppensteiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530890","article-title":"Insights into CSF-1\/CSF-1R signaling: the role of macrophage in radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.178146","article-title":"Sustained inhibition of CSF1R signaling augments antitumor immunity through inhibiting tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Sato","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771210","article-title":"Targeting the CCL2\/CCR2 axis in cancer immunotherapy: one stone, three birds","volume":"12","author":"Fei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00888-z","article-title":"Role of chemokines in the crosstalk between tumor and tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636081","article-title":"Tryptophan: a rheostat of cancer immune escape mediated by immunosuppressive enzymes IDO1 and TDO","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1490129","article-title":"Revisiting immune checkpoint inhibitors: new strategies to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04061-7","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer progression","volume":"148","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1340634","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling in the tumor immunity","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1516419","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: applications and future advances","volume":"16","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1556245","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugate combinations in cancer treatment: clinical efficacy and clinical study perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.919489","article-title":"Optimisation of anti-interleukin-6 therapy: precision medicine through mathematical modelling","volume":"13","author":"Rossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1113378","article-title":"CAFs orchestrate tumor immune microenvironment---a new target in cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-021-00716-0","article-title":"Advances in neuroendocrine prostate cancer research: from model construction to molecular network analyses","volume":"102","author":"Shui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.125.271302","article-title":"Delta-like ligand 3-directed 225Ac radioimmunotherapy in neuroendocrine lung and prostate cancer models","author":"Hoang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2505785123","article-title":"Next-generation anti-DLL3 radiopharmaceuticals targeting high-grade neuroendocrine lung and prostate cancers","volume":"123","author":"Tendler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00786-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota shapes cancer immunotherapy responses","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02357-z","article-title":"Precision nanomedicine: navigating the tumor microenvironment for enhanced cancer immunotherapy and targeted drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Sabit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.103636","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment targeted nano-drug delivery systems for multidrug resistant tumor therapy","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121549","article-title":"Innovative nanomedicine delivery: targeting tumor microenvironment to defeat drug resistance","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05609-6","article-title":"Artificial intelligence: illuminating the depths of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.05.021","article-title":"Artificial intelligence","volume":"42","author":"Gerstung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02233-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity: mechanisms and novel insights","volume":"24","author":"Kuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-4722.2024.78","article-title":"Interconnections within the tumor microenvironment: extracellular vesicles as critical players of metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells","volume":"10","author":"Encarna\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Metastasis Treat"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03403-w","article-title":"Harnessing engineered extracellular vesicles for enhanced therapeutic efficacy: advancements in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01973-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotech"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1196217","article-title":"Potential role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer: immunity, metabolites, pathways of action","volume":"13","author":"Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1471273","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a biomarker and modulator of anti-tumor immunotherapy outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.949490","article-title":"Antitumor effects of fecal microbiota transplantation: implications for microbiome modulation in cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-025-00710-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation enhanced the effect of chemoimmunotherapy by restoring intestinal microbiota in LLC tumor-bearing mice","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01326-2","article-title":"The gut microbiota in cancer immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1265751","article-title":"Unleashing novel horizons in advanced prostate cancer treatment: investigating the potential of prostate specific membrane antigen-targeted nanomedicine-based combination therapy","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2022-0048","article-title":"Development of stimuli responsive polymeric nanomedicines modulating tumor microenvironment for improved cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Rev"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15112989","article-title":"Modeling the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy in next-generation humanized mice","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1422031","article-title":"Organoids: new frontiers in tumor immune microenvironment research","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1164535","article-title":"Tumor heterogeneity: preclinical models, emerging technologies, and future applications","volume":"13","author":"Proietto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18060915","article-title":"Microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity as pharmacological targets in precision oncology","volume":"18","author":"Tonello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01204-2","article-title":"Fibroblast diversity and plasticity in the tumor microenvironment: roles in immunity and relevant therapies","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-20-4226","article-title":"Molecular features of cancer-associated fibroblast subtypes and their implication on cancer pathogenesis, prognosis, and immunotherapy resistance","volume":"27","author":"Galbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01600-2","article-title":"Cancer associated fibroblasts and metabolic reprogramming: unraveling the intricate crosstalk in tumor evolution","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02349-4","article-title":"Lactylation in cancer: metabolic mechanism and therapeutic strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-25-0269","article-title":"Combining spatial transcriptomics, pseudotime, and machine learning enables discovery of biomarkers for prostate cancer","volume":"85","author":"Smelik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eo-24-0025","article-title":"Improving neuroendocrine tumor treatments with mathematical modeling: lessons from other endocrine cancers","volume":"5","author":"Metzcar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Oncol"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-25-0067","article-title":"Systems biology successes and areas for opportunity in prostate cancer","volume":"32","author":"Orman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02762-z","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations in prostate cancer","volume":"131","author":"Pujana-Vaquerizo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003731","article-title":"Anti-CCR4 treatment depletes regulatory T cells and leads to clinical activity in a canine model of advanced prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Maeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125583","article-title":"Lactate-mediated crosstalk between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1416472","article-title":"Glycolysis in the tumor microenvironment: a driver of cancer progression and a promising therapeutic target","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2025.100120","article-title":"Pyroelectric catalytic nanodepleter of lactate: attenuating the reverse Warburg effect and modulating tumor interstitial pressure","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biomater"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00646-1","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion: the interplay in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115206","article-title":"Tumor-induced metabolic immunosuppression: mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"44","author":"Ricci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-02949-5","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity of STAT3 in cancer: molecular understanding and drug discovery","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.12.637904","article-title":"Defined cellular reprogramming of androgen receptor-active prostate cancer to neuroendocrine prostate cancer","volume":"2025","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-024-00767-8","article-title":"Current trends in the characterization and monitoring of vascular response to cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40015-4","article-title":"Engineering tumoral vascular leakiness with gold nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Setyawati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928713\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:35:19Z","timestamp":1787913319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928713\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":223,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1928713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1928713"}}