{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:15Z","timestamp":1788415935513,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although cancer mortality has declined in recent decades, its contribution to gains in life expectancy and to female-male life expectancy gap has not been fully quantified in Spain. This study assessed trends in age-adjusted cancer mortality in Spain from 1980 to 2024 and quantified their contribution to overall life expectancy and by cancer type (lung, colorectal, stomach, breast, and prostate).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality data and life tables for the Spanish population were obtained from the Spanish National Statistics Institute for selected years from 1980 to 2024. Age-adjusted cancer mortality rates were estimated by direct standardization using the 2020 Spanish population as the reference. The Arriaga decomposition method quantified the contribution of cancer mortality to changes in life expectancy by age group and cancer type and, through an adapted approach, to the female-male life expectancy gap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Life expectancy increased by 9.0 years in men and 8.1 years in women between 1980 and 2024. Declines in cancer mortality contributed 0.62 years (6.8%) and 0.80 years (9.8%) of these gains, respectively. Stomach cancer generated the largest gains (0.31 years in men and 0.21 years in women), followed by prostate cancer (0.17 years) and breast cancer (0.18 years). Colorectal cancer made the smallest contribution (0.03 years in men and 0.07 years in women). Lung cancer showed contrasting trends by sex: declining mortality increased male life expectancy by 0.29 years, whereas rising mortality reduced female life expectancy by 0.23 years. The female\u2013male life expectancy gap peaked at 7.19 years in 1995 and declined to 5.14 years in 2024. In 2024, cancer accounted for 32.1% of the gap, with lung cancer as the largest contributor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Declining cancer mortality contributed to improvements in life expectancy in Spain between 1980 and 2024, accounting for 6.8% of the gain in men and 9.8% in women. The impact varied by cancer type and sex, underscoring the need for targeted cancer prevention and control strategies. Continued progress in tobacco control, early detection, and treatment will be essential to increase population longevity and reduce sex inequalities in health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1934427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:41Z","timestamp":1788412421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in life expectancy due to trends in cancer mortality rates, Spain 1980 \u2013 2024"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Llorca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired","place":["Santander, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"G\u00f3mez-Acebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)","place":["Santander, Spain"]},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Alonso-Molero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)","place":["Santander, Spain"]},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Valero-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)","place":["Santander, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinidad","family":"Dierssen-Sotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)","place":["Santander, Spain"]},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076962","article-title":"25 year trends in cancer incidence and mortality among adults aged 35-69 years in the UK, 1993-2018: retrospective secondary analysis","volume":"384","author":"Shelton","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70043","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Life expectancy at birth in Spain, 1975\u20132024\n          \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7545.808","article-title":"Life expectancy: women now on top everywhere","volume":"332","author":"Barford","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421942112","article-title":"Twentieth century surge of excess adult male mortality","volume":"112","author":"Beltr\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-013-0274-8","article-title":"The rise and fall of women\u2019s advantage: a comparison of national trends in life expectancy at age 65 years","volume":"10","author":"Thorslund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41118-022-00171-9","article-title":"Patterns in age and cause of death contribution to the sex gap in life expectancy: a comparison among ten countries","volume":"78","author":"Feraldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(26)00089-6","article-title":"International disruptions to cancer diagnosis and stage at presentation during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: an International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP) population-based study","volume":"27","author":"Morgan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24993-2","article-title":"Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods","volume":"25","author":"Llorca","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23077-5","article-title":"Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)","volume":"25","author":"Llorca","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Tablas de mortalidad por a\u00f1o, sexo, edad y funciones"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2307\/2061029","article-title":"Measuring and explaining the change in life expectancies","volume":"21","author":"Arriaga","year":"1984","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15784","article-title":"Life-expectancy changes during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019-2021: estimates from Japan, a country with low pandemic impact","volume":"11","author":"Munira","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.70028","article-title":"The gender gap in life expectancy in the United States and deaths of despair: trends from 1979 to 2022","volume":"51","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Velast\u00edn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Population Dev Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2025.11.1.11","article-title":"U.S. Trends in job stability by sex, race, and ethnicity from 1996 to 2020","volume":"11","author":"Lachanski","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSF"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01039-8","article-title":"Gains in life expectancy from decreasing cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality \u2013 an analysis of 28 European countries 1995\u20132019","volume":"38","author":"W\u00e9ber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.11.015","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en Espa\u00f1a y sus 17 comunidades aut\u00f3nomas (1987-2020)","volume":"162","author":"Rey-Brandariz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","author":"Reitsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Brauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320234","article-title":"Is gastric cancer becoming a rare disease? A global assessment of predicted incidence trends to 2035","volume":"69","author":"Arnold","year":"2020"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036288","article-title":"The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph","volume":"8","author":"Howson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-1057","article-title":"Gastric cancer: descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and prevention","volume":"23","author":"Karimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-025-07704-8","article-title":"Population-based analysis of breast cancer incidence and mortality: overall and age-specific temporal trends over 40-year period in Girona, Spain","volume":"212","author":"Sanvisens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"European guidelines on breast cancer screening and diagnosis\n          \n          \n          Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Care\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/8f9e3f98-en","article-title":"Health at a glance 2025: OECD indicators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health At A Glance"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.02.007","article-title":"Reduction from 2011 to 2017 in adherence to breast cancer screening and non-improvement in the uptake of cervical cancer screening among women living in Spain","volume":"135","author":"Zamorano-Leon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11222934","article-title":"Temporal evolution and associated factors of adherence to mammography screening among women in Spain: results from two national health surveys (2017-2020)","volume":"11","author":"Portero de la Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15507","article-title":"Treatment\u2010related changes in the prostate: past, present and future therapies","volume":"88","author":"Collins","year":"2026","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.02.010","article-title":"Colorectal cancer prevention in Europe: Burden of disease and status of screening programs","volume":"62","author":"Altobelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2025.102043","article-title":"Developments in the roll-out and performance of CRC screening in Europe","volume":"80","author":"Carbotti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes","author":"Preston","year":"2001"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Biostatistics\n          \n          \n            \n              Chiang\n              CL\n            \n          \n          New York\n          Wiley\n          \n          1968"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4054\/demres.2023.49.5","article-title":"Estimation of confidence intervals for decompositions and other complex demographic estimators","volume":"49","author":"Hendi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Demogr Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1934427\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1788412423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1934427\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1934427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1934427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1934427"}}