{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:13:43Z","timestamp":1788416023765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptomeningeal metastasis from colorectal cancer (LM-CRC) is a rare condition characterized by poor outcomes and no established standard of care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case description<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report a 60-year-old female patient who presented with constipation and abdominal pain. Eight months prior, she had been diagnosed with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon with focal signet-ring cell features, proficient mismatch repair, and a KRAS mutation. She had received treatment with FOLFOX\/FOLFIRI \u00b1 bevacizumab. Five days before admission, she developed headache and vomiting. Contrast-enhanced brain MRI suggested leptomeningeal metastasis, which was confirmed by lumbar puncture cytology. Owing to progressive symptom deterioration, the patient did not receive any antitumor therapy timely and died two weeks after symptom onset. In this review, we summarize 29 cases of LM-CRC, aiming to characterize the pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, and survival data of LM-CRC in order to enhance clinicians\u2019 awareness of this rare disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of LM-CRC is low and the prognosis is extremely poor; active anti-tumor therapy may prolong patient survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1935585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1788413007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leptomeningeal metastasis from colon cancer: a case report and review of literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daixi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghui","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingrui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ctrv.1999.0119","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"25","author":"Grossman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.06.010","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Molecular landscape, current management, and emerging therapies","volume":"31","author":"Bhambhvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21082","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"103","author":"Giglio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcc.2017.11.003","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in colorectal cancer: The Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"A fatal case of meningeal carcinomatosis in a rectal cancer patient diagnosed with pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Yokomatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1310-x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon presenting as acute meningitis","volume":"19","author":"Bloom","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"A case of rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma that showed a sharp turning point after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and conversion surgery","volume":"45","author":"Somura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2017.4602\/2016","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in a young patient with obstructive colorectal signet- ring cell adenocarcinoma","volume":"109","author":"Lusilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"A case of brain metastasis from rectal cancer with synchronous liver and lung metastases after multimodality treatment--a case report","volume":"42","author":"Udagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.05.047","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis from occult signet-ring cell colon adenocarcinoma presenting with isolated headache","volume":"20","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6682","article-title":"Progressive multiple cranial nerve palsies as the presenting symptom of meningeal carcinomatosis from occult colon adenocarcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/147870811X602104","article-title":"Colorectal cancer presenting with dysarthria and ataxia: a case of isolated leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"93","author":"Lahiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"A fatal case of meningeal carcinomatosis in a stage IV rectal cancer patient who had long time survival by multi- line chemotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1385\/IJGC:37:1:49","article-title":"Multiorganic dissemination of a colorectal signet ring cell carcinoma with fulminant clinical course","volume":"37","author":"Longo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68519","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in a young patient with colorectal cancer: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Khakhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25713","article-title":"Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: A rare presentation of advanced rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Gaisinskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2024.01.174","article-title":"Fatal progression of the leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from primary rectal adenocarcinoma: A case report","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcc.2021.11.007","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from colorectal signet-ring cell cancer: A case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Smilde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Meningeal carcinomatosis of sigmoid colon cancer-a case report","volume":"47","author":"Ito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gan To Kagaku Ryoho"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01166-9","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis due to colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Kidate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9246139","article-title":"Anorectal cancer with bone marrow and leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"2018","author":"Zeeneldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-109025","article-title":"Meningeosis carcinomatosa als seltener metastasierungsweg eines BRAF-mutierten mikrosatelliten-stabilen kolonkarzinoms [Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis as a rare metastatic spreading of BRAF-mutated microsatellite stable colon cancer","volume":"55","author":"H\u00f6blinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E89","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.087","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis as initial manifestation of signet ring colorectal adenocarcinoma: a case report with review of literature","volume":"6","author":"Assi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12452","article-title":"Intradural extramedullary colorectal adenocarcinoma metastasis to the cervical spine","volume":"85","author":"Petterwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anz J Surg"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Deafness and blindness as a presentation of colorectal meningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"8","author":"Bruce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Adv Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.10.014","article-title":"Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon with leptomeningeal involvement","volume":"17","author":"Yildirim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2005.11.010","article-title":"Sudden hearing loss due to meningeal carcinomatosis from rectal carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.176.121","article-title":"Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of meningeal carcinomatosis in colon cancer","volume":"176","author":"Kato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01658109409024045","article-title":"A diagnostic quartet in leptomeningeal infiltration of the optic nerve sheath","volume":"14","author":"McFadzean","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197908000-00009","article-title":"Carcinomatous meningitis in gastrointestinal Malignancies","volume":"72","author":"Fisher","year":"1979","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004183","article-title":"Pearls & Oy-sters: Transient neurologic events in a patient with leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"89","author":"Stretz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hye041","article-title":"Colon cancer with meningeal carcinomatosis and myelodysplastic syndrome in a patient who underwent intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia: a case report","volume":"31","author":"Nagashima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00700-y","article-title":"The path to leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"24","author":"Remsik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0342-5","article-title":"Leukaemia hijacks a neural mechanism to invade the central nervous system","volume":"560","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Batool","year":"2023"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70443-4","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis","volume":"5","author":"Gleissner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200012000-00005","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis: a guide to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/769753","article-title":"Imaging of spinal metastatic disease","volume":"2011","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<759::aid-cncr2820490427>3.0.co;2-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients","volume":"49","author":"Wasserstrom","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae103","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology and American Society of Clinical Oncology consensus review on clinical management and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0142(19980215)82:4<733::aid-cncr17>3.0.co;2-z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with cancer: minimizing false-negative results","volume":"82","author":"Glantz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410080609","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biochemical markers of central nervous system metastases","volume":"8","author":"Schold","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox066","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor cells: a novel tool to diagnose leptomeningeal metastases from epithelial tumors","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008751","article-title":"Circulating epithelial tumor cell analysis in CSF in patients with leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"94","author":"van Bussel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03555-z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumor cells as a quantifiable measurement of leptomeningeal metastases in patients with HER2 positive cancer","volume":"148","author":"Malani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828f183f","article-title":"Rare cell capture technology for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis in solid tumors","volume":"80","author":"Nayak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2199-5","article-title":"SHP-1 promoter 2 methylation in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of leptomeningeal epithelial-derived Malignancy (carcinomatous meningitis)","volume":"129","author":"Vinayanuwattikun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.111304","article-title":"Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors","volume":"4","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1987.5.10.1655","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of single-agent versus combination chemotherapy in meningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"5","author":"Hitchins","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.3.561","article-title":"Randomized prospective comparison of intraventricular methotrexate and thiotepa in patients with previously untreated neoplastic meningitis. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group","volume":"11","author":"Grossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-001-0073-x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors","volume":"5","author":"Glantz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21828","article-title":"Phase II trial of intracerebrospinal fluid etoposide in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis","volume":"106","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10547","article-title":"A phase II trial of intra-cerebrospinal fluid alpha interferon in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis","volume":"94","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1006373905428","article-title":"Clinical trial of intrathecal administration of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine for treatment of meningeal dissemination of Malignant tumors","volume":"45","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0101","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors: new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"16","author":"Lombardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.08.012","article-title":"The relevance of intraventricular chemotherapy for leptomeningeal metastasis in breast cancer: a randomised study","volume":"40","author":"Boogerd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.01.014","article-title":"Proton beam craniospinal irradiation reduces acute toxicity for adults with medulloblastoma","volume":"86","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa152","article-title":"Clinical trial of proton craniospinal irradiation for leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01148","article-title":"Randomized phase II trial of proton craniospinal irradiation versus photon involved-field radiotherapy for patients with solid tumor leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28981","article-title":"Colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma: benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy but a poor prognostic factor","volume":"136","author":"Hugen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2181","article-title":"Signet ring cell differentiation in mucinous colorectal carcinoma","volume":"212","author":"B\u00f6rger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of colorectum: an age- and sex-matched controlled study","volume":"91","author":"Tung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1935585\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:23:29Z","timestamp":1788413009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1935585\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1935585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1935585","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1935585"}}