{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:04:50Z","timestamp":1789729490901,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prenatal period is a critical phase of high cellular plasticity, during which the immune system develops while maintaining essential maternal-fetal tolerance. This review examines the ontogeny of the hematopoietic system and the sequential maturation of immune components, as well as the mechanisms through which maternal inflammatory and microbial signals act as epigenetic cues that can program the offspring\u2019s long-term immunological resilience. Rather than merely a precursor to the adult immune system, the fetal and neonatal immune configuration is a highly specialized state, functionally balanced to tolerate maternal microchimerism while preparing for postnatal environmental exposure. Ultimately, early-life programming, influenced by a wide range of factors, including maternal nutrition and environmental conditions, determines future susceptibility to infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases, offering a vital framework for developing new immunogenomic biomarkers and precision immunotherapies in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1951828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:39:06Z","timestamp":1789727946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal-fetal dialogue and immunological programming: from fetal development to long-term health outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marina S.","family":"Folguieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, 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Brazil"]},{"name":"INCT-UroGen, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation in Genitourinary Cancer","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"ImmunOncology, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas)","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02725","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and human health","volume":"430","author":"Bateson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IT.2023.09.004","article-title":"On developmental programming of the immune system","volume":"44","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2571","article-title":"The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune 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