{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:57:49Z","timestamp":1790773069859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mushroom-derived polysaccharides are widely promoted as anticancer immune modulators, but interpretation is weakened by imprecise product identity, chemically non-equivalent preparations, and extrapolation across evidence levels. This critical narrative review evaluates beta-glucans, heteropolysaccharides, polysaccharide-protein complexes, crude fractions, modified derivatives, and multicomponent extracts as preparation-specific adjunct candidates. Receptor-level evidence is strongest for general fungal beta-glucan systems, particularly Dectin-1\/Syk\/CARD9 signaling and conditional complement receptor 3 cooperation; direct transfer of those mechanisms to individual mushroom preparations requires product-specific causal testing. Selected animal studies support myeloid remodeling, dendritic-cell and natural-killer-cell effects, and T-cell activation, but route, exposure, product characterization, and model limitations constrain translation. Human evidence remains heterogeneous: historical randomized PSK studies reported benefit in specific adjuvant chemotherapy settings, a later phase III lentinan trial was negative for overall survival, and small maitake,\n                    <jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and pleuran studies mainly report immune surrogates. Direct clinical evidence with checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic antibodies, or cancer vaccines is not established. The field should therefore move from species-level claims to product-level development with authenticated source material, orthogonal structural analysis, contaminant control, mechanism-linked potency, route-specific pharmacokinetics, tumor pharmacodynamics, and randomized testing against contemporary standard care. Mushroom-derived polysaccharide immunomodulators remain plausible research candidates, but neither the class nor unstandardized mushroom foods or supplements are clinically validated substitutes for established cancer treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1955408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:07:57Z","timestamp":1790770077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mushroom-derived polysaccharides in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, human evidence, and translational priorities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sylvester Chibueze","family":"Izah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University","place":["Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical 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