{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:52:13Z","timestamp":1791359533343,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Programmable messenger RNA (mRNA) platforms can encode tumor antigens or immunomodulators, enabling coordinated antigen delivery and immune modulation. Yet the literature spans cancer vaccination, delivery engineering, immune biology, and adjacent infectious-disease research, making its structure and evidentiary boundaries difficult to discern. We mapped this cross-domain corpus to clarify its development, organization, and relevance to cancer-associated immune escape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and Scopus on July 29, 2026, for English-language Articles and Reviews published since 2006. The strategy combined programmable or therapeutic mRNA, cancer, and immune-escape-related concepts. R-based analyses summarized the number of publications (NP), total citations (TC), and collaboration patterns; BERTopic modeled titles and abstracts after entity-aware preprocessing. Independent two-author review supported the five topic labels and characterized the outliers, and robustness was assessed across alternative clustering configurations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dataset comprised 756 publications (NP\u00a0=\u00a0756). Annual output increased more than fourfold in 2021 and reached NP\u00a0=\u00a0182 in 2025. China (NP\u00a0=\u00a0291; 38.49%) and the United States (NP\u00a0=\u00a0146; 19.31%) accounted for nearly 58% of corresponding-author publications. Sichuan University and Frontiers in Immunology ranked first in institutional and journal output, respectively. Nature had the highest retained source-record citation total (TC\u00a0=\u00a02,326). BERTopic assigned 745 publications to five topics, while 11 of 756 records remained outliers (1.46%). The topics represented mRNA delivery and immunomodulatory cancer-vaccine research (52.1%), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in oncology and immunotherapy settings (23.6%), therapeutic mRNA cancer-vaccine platforms (13.3%), tumor-antigen discovery and immune-subtype stratification (8.6%), and mRNA-vaccine immunogenicity during autoimmune immunosuppression (2.4%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publication activity in the retrieved cross-domain corpus expanded rapidly after 2020. The corpus included both direct cancer-mRNA research and adjacent platform or immune-response literature. By distinguishing these components and identifying thematic connections among delivery, antigen selection, immune context, and collaboration, the analysis provides an evidence-navigation framework for prioritizing systematic reviews, mechanistic studies, and clinical evaluation. The map does not itself establish therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1957469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:16:00Z","timestamp":1791357360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping programmable mRNA research relevant to cancer-associated immune escape: a dual-database bibliometric and topic modeling analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Chi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Ying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Ting","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bai-Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ru","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Zhu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0306-5","article-title":"A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"Waldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21349","article-title":"Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer\u2013immune set point","volume":"541","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017","article-title":"Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0218-4","article-title":"Tumour-intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"20","author":"Kalbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0297-y","article-title":"Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy","volume":"17","author":"Rafiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4278","article-title":"mRNA-based therapeutics\u2014developing a new class of drugs","volume":"13","author":"Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.06.008","article-title":"Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA","volume":"23","author":"Karik\u00f3","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.200","article-title":"Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability","volume":"16","author":"Karik\u00f3","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2019.100766","article-title":"Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development","volume":"28","author":"Verbeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00811-9","article-title":"Targeting cancer with mRNA\u2013lipid nanoparticles: key considerations and future prospects","volume":"20","author":"Kon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00439-4","article-title":"Drug delivery systems for RNA therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Paunovska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00898-0","article-title":"The current landscape of nucleic acid therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0669-6","article-title":"Selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA delivery and CRISPR\u2013Cas gene editing","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00529-7","article-title":"Passive, active and endogenous organ-targeted lipid and polymer nanoparticles for delivery of genetic drugs","volume":"8","author":"Dilliard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18300","article-title":"Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"534","author":"Kranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4356","article-title":"Elimination of large tumors in mice by mRNA-encoded bispecific antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Stadler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat9143","article-title":"Durable anticancer immunity from intratumoral administration of IL-23, IL-36\u03b3, and OX40L mRNAs","volume":"11","author":"Hewitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23003","article-title":"Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer","volume":"547","author":"Sahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22991","article-title":"An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma","volume":"547","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2537-9","article-title":"An RNA vaccine drives immunity in checkpoint-inhibitor-treated melanoma","volume":"585","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01206-4","article-title":"Personal neoantigen vaccines induce persistent memory T cell responses and epitope spreading in patients with melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0007-y","article-title":"Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.117","article-title":"Impact of oncogenic pathways on evasion of antitumour immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Spranger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6204","article-title":"T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"348","author":"Joyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.011","article-title":"Top 10 challenges in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"52","author":"Hegde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007","article-title":"bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis","volume":"11","author":"Aria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Informetr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.070","article-title":"How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: an overview and guidelines","volume":"133","author":"Donthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2231333","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of RNA vaccines for cancer","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1765-5","article-title":"The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: a comparative analysis","volume":"106","author":"Mongeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu393","article-title":"circlize implements and enhances circular visualization in R","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2203.05794","article-title":"BERTopic: neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure","author":"Grootendorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410","article-title":"Sentence-BERT: sentence embeddings using Siamese BERT-networks","author":"Reimers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1802.03426","article-title":"UMAP: uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction","author":"McInnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00205","article-title":"hdbscan: hierarchical density based clustering","volume":"2","author":"McInnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01294-2","article-title":"The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines and immunotherapies","volume":"40","author":"Barbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636568","article-title":"Cancer immune evasion through loss of MHC class I antigen presentation","volume":"12","author":"DhatChinamoorthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","article-title":"Functions of natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Vivier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0566-2","article-title":"The entry of nanoparticles into solid tumours","volume":"19","author":"Sindhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.14","article-title":"Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours","volume":"1","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2612","article-title":"Image-based analysis of lipid nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery, intracellular trafficking and endosomal escape","volume":"31","author":"Gilleron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3298","article-title":"Visualizing lipid-formulated siRNA release from endosomes and target gene knockdown","volume":"33","author":"Wittrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12275-6","article-title":"Linkage between endosomal escape of LNP-mRNA and loading into EVs for transport to other cells","volume":"10","author":"Maugeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00937-y","article-title":"Challenges in developing personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines","volume":"24","author":"Katsikis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00460-2","article-title":"Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"18","author":"Blass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4971","article-title":"Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"348","author":"Schumacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02268-7","article-title":"Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): a randomised, phase 2b study","volume":"403","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06063-y","article-title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"618","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040389","article-title":"The application of mRNA technology for vaccine production\u2014current state of knowledge","volume":"13","author":"Paczkowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1957469\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:16:03Z","timestamp":1791357363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1957469\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1957469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1957469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"1957469"}}