{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1792123660625,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011075","name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 2011, use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in cancer immunotherapy dramatically expanded, both alone and in combination with either a different cancer treatment or with two different ICIs. With this increase in use have come a myriad of adverse effects from enhanced immune activation, including ophthalmic and neurologic immune related adverse events (irAE). Neuro-ophthalmic immune related adverse events (NOirAE) associated with use of ICIs are increasingly recognized and their severity may actually limit use of potentially life-saving immunotherapy. NOirAEs comprise a wide variety of presentations involving both the central and peripheral nervous system. They cause afferent or efferent visual dysfunction, including among them optic neuropathy and edema, orbital inflammatory disease, and ocular myasthenia. While treatment for irAEs typically involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids, there is no expert consensus regarding best practices for treatment of NOirAEs and whether to stop ICI immunotherapy for the cancer or not. This state-of-the-art review explores the pathophysiologic basis for NOirAEs, provides a framework for categorizing them within neuro-ophthalmology, and discusses what is needed to close the current knowledge gaps in diagnosis and management of an increasing population of cancer patients requiring neuro-ophthalmic care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2022.1044904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T08:16:02Z","timestamp":1668759362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Neuro-ophthalmic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Current status and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Winges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn K.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.35","article-title":"Development of immuno-oncology drugs \u2014 from CTLA4 to PD1 to the next generations","volume":"15","author":"Hoos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0367","article-title":"Fundamental mechanisms of immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discovery"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.02.018","article-title":"The next immune-checkpoint inhibitors: Pd-1\/pd-l1 blockade in melanoma","volume":"37","author":"Mahoney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002181","article-title":"CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR IMMUNE THERAPY: Systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects","volume":"38","author":"Dalvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2017-000213","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and rationale for the use of checkpoint inhibitors in cancer","volume":"2","author":"Granier","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00086","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in cancer: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations","volume":"8","author":"Seidel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33696\/cancerimmunol.3.038","article-title":"SHP2 inhibition as a promising anti-cancer therapy: Function in tumor cell signaling and immune modulation","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cancer Immunol (Wilmington)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.s126227","article-title":"Clinical features, predictive correlates, and pathophysiology of immune-related adverse events in immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments in cancer: a short review","volume":"6","author":"Yoest","year":"2017","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S277760","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01056-8","article-title":"Next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Marin-Acevedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.09.002","article-title":"Not all immune-checkpoint inhibitors are created equal: Meta-analysis and systematic review of immune-related adverse events in cancer trials","volume":"119","author":"El Osta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1703481","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/co.25.4047","article-title":"Predictors of immunotherapy-induced immune-related adverse events","volume":"25","author":"Kartolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0770-0","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Sandigursky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00761-021-00946-3","article-title":"Sequelae of immunotherapy: Checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-related adverse events","volume":"27","author":"Duong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Onkologe"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-4296(03)00031-6","article-title":"CTCAE v3.0: Development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Trotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12254-018-0416-y","article-title":"Management of adverse events related to checkpoint inhibition therapy","volume":"11","author":"Rudzki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Memo - Magazine Eur Med Oncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4226","article-title":"Comparative safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"363","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000608","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors: What neuro-ophthalmologists need to know","volume":"30","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.12.013","article-title":"Population-based frequency of ophthalmic adverse events in melanoma, other cancers, and after immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment","volume":"224","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316970","article-title":"Ophthalmic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: The Mayo clinic experience","volume":"105","author":"Fortes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2019.05.002","article-title":"Ocular adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"31","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.11.001","article-title":"Ophthalmic immune-related adverse events after anti-CTLA-4 or PD-1 therapy recorded in the American academy of ophthalmology intelligent research in sight registry","volume":"128","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-69494-0.00029-4","article-title":"Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"2021","author":"Mancone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Clin Neurologist"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2752-5","article-title":"Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"137","author":"Fellner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1738382","article-title":"Neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors.","volume":"19","author":"Haugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.02.024","article-title":"Neurological, respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiac and ocular side-effects of anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"60","author":"Zimmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0359","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated neurologic toxicity: Illustrative case and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.6807.2019022","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitors neurological side effects","volume":"68","author":"Suay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.P1.6-026","article-title":"Neurological complications in an ALS patient with metastatic melanoma after immunotherapy","volume":"92","author":"Jaffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8890-z","article-title":"Severe neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a single-center review","volume":"265","author":"Mancone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002890","article-title":"Consensus disease definitions for neurologic immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Guidon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Haanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"VI369","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw378.31","article-title":"A meta-analysis of immune-related adverse events (irAE) of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) from cancer clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"el Osta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001148","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic complications in patients treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-016-0082-3","article-title":"Bilateral neuroretinitis and anterior uveitis following ipilimumab treatment for metastatic melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflammation Infect"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000882","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization and chorioretinal atrophy in a patient with melanoma-associated retinopathy after ipilimumab\/nivolumab combination therapy","volume":"15","author":"Elwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retin cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2017.1368090","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced adenohypophysitis and orbital apex syndrome: importance of early diagnosis and management","volume":"42","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230ra45","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008002","article-title":"Pituitary expression of CTLA-4 mediates hypophysitis secondary to administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody","volume":"6","author":"Iwama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2122","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome induced by nivolumab immunotherapy for non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_49_20","article-title":"Identification and management of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient enrolled in an immunotherapy combination phase i clinical trial: A case study","volume":"8","author":"Barber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.177","article-title":"Case report of immuno-oncotherapy (IO) provoked encephalitis mimicking brain metastasis in a patient with history of traumatic brain injury","volume":"139","author":"Bross","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13034","article-title":"Brain stem encephalitis in a patient with recurrent small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor: Case presentation and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Soror","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.576980","article-title":"A case series of PD-1 inhibitor-associated paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes","volume":"334","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.642800","article-title":"Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and beyond emerging with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Valencia-Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00099-5","article-title":"Immunoglobulins to mitigate paraneoplastic Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome under checkpoint inhibition in merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Dohrn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.05.041","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: an emerging toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"82","author":"Makarious","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00634","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myasthenia gravis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001161","article-title":"Extraocular muscle enlargement and thyroid eye disease-like orbital inflammation associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients","volume":"35","author":"Sagiv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstructive Surg"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.01.001","article-title":"Ocular side effects of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"66","author":"Alba-Linero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011340","article-title":"Cranial nerve disorders associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"96","author":"Vogrig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"S70","article-title":"Miller fisher syndrome as a consequence of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)","volume":"62","author":"Naseem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-229443","article-title":"A rare case of miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barr \u00e9 syndrome (GBS) induced by a checkpoint inhibitor","volume":"12","author":"McNeill","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16337","article-title":"Rituximab for immune checkpoint inhibitor myasthenia gravis","volume":"13","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100891","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis manifesting as retinal arterial occlusion and paracentral acute middle maculopathy in a patient on pembrolizumab for metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Narala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640273","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2640273","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic adverse events related to immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"2020","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616848114","article-title":"Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium & large vessel vasculitis","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.587089","article-title":"Cellular signaling pathways in medium and Large vessel vasculitis","volume":"11","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00024.2017","article-title":"Immune checkpoint dysfunction in large and medium vessel vasculitis","volume":"312","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AB260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.05.1032","article-title":"Severe leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with ipilimumab","volume":"79","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220910202","article-title":"Autoimmune hypophysitis secondary to therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Four cases describing the clinical heterogeneity of central endocrine dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"Hartmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Practice"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-10-0833","article-title":"Thyroid autoimmunity and ophthalmopathy related to melanoma biological therapy","volume":"164","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1530-891X(20)47390-2","article-title":"Thyroid disease after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"24","author":"Villamil-Jarauta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"key":"B65","unstructured":"Immunotherapy toxicity management"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4075","article-title":"Endocrine side effects induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"98","author":"Corsello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1709344","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and endocrine side effects, a narrative review","volume":"132","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50574-6","article-title":"Risk factors for immune-related adverse events associated with anti-PD-1 pembrolizumab","volume":"9","author":"Eun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701951","article-title":"Ocular immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748982","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1748982","article-title":"Dose dependence of treatment-related adverse events for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies: a model-based meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shulgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1091-2","article-title":"Novel immune checkpoint targets: Moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.693655","article-title":"Triple combination therapy with PD-1\/PD-L1, BRAF, and MEK inhibitor for stage III\u2013IV melanoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.11.027","article-title":"The association between immune checkpoint or BRAF\/MEK inhibitor therapy and uveitis in patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma","volume":"144","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221132872","article-title":"Ophthalmic adverse effects of BRAF inhibitors","author":"Castillejo Becerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps3154","article-title":"Alliance A151804: Establishment of a national biorepository to advance studies of immune-related adverse events","volume":"38","author":"Kozono","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2022.1044904\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T01:09:17Z","timestamp":1728436157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2022.1044904\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fopht.2022.1044904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fopht.2022.1044904","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"article-number":"1044904"}}