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Delayed treatment of keratitis could result in loss of vision and, under certain severity conditions, the removal of an eye and its associated structures. In the current study, the ocular surface (conjunctiva and cornea) mycobiomes of individuals with bacterial keratitis were compared with the ocular mycobiome (conjunctiva) of healthy individuals, free of any ocular morbidity. Mycobiomes were generated through NGS approach using conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapings as the source of DNA from which ITS2 was amplified and sequenced, as a proxy to identify fungi. The results indicated significant changes in the alpha-diversity indices and in the abundance at the phylum and genera level. Hierarchical clustering using a heatmap showed that the mycobiomes were different. Furthermore, NMDS plots also differentiated the mycobiomes in the three cohorts, implying dysbiosis in the mycobiomes of the conjunctivae and corneal scrapings of bacterial keratitis individuals compared to control individuals. A preponderance of negative interactions in the hub genera in the conjunctival swabs of bacterial keratitis individuals compared to healthy controls further re-emphasized the differences in the mycobiomes. The dysbiotic changes at the genera level in conjunctivae and corneal scrapings of bacterial keratitis individuals are discussed with respect to their possible role in causing or exacerbating ocular surface inflammation. These results demonstrate dysbiosis in the ocular mycobiome in bacterial keratitis patients compared to healthy controls for the first time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2022.894739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T19:50:41Z","timestamp":1651780241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mycobiomes of the Ocular Surface in Bacterial Keratitis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rajagopalaboopathi","family":"Jayasudha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sama Kalyana","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gumpili Sai","family":"Prashanthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savitri","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somasheila I.","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisinthy","family":"Shivaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0163-3","article-title":"We Are Not Alone: A Case for the Human Microbiome in Extra Intestinal Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Shivaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.12.028","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci From Normal Preoperative Conjunctiva","volume":"34","author":"Hori","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.04.008","article-title":"Defining the Normal Core Microbiome of Conjunctival Microbial Communities","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(30)92437-3","article-title":"The Bacterial Flora of the Normal Conjunctiva With Comparative Nasal Culture Study","volume":"13","author":"Keilty","year":"1930","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10494-9","article-title":"Temporal Stability and Composition of the Ocular Surface Microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Ozkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318243280e","article-title":"Effect of Prophylactic Antibiotic Drops on Ocular Microbiota and Physiology During Silicone Hydrogel Lens Wear","volume":"89","author":"Ozkan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.275","article-title":"Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases of the Eye","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.06.003","article-title":"Characterization of the Normal Microbiota of the Ocular Surface","volume":"117","author":"Willcox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90193-3","article-title":"Fungal Flora of the Conjunctival Sac","volume":"94","author":"Ando","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(60)91632-9","article-title":"Mycotic Flora of the Conjunctiva","volume":"49","author":"Hammeke","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.39.4.244","article-title":"Corneal Infections After Cortisone Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Mitsui","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00443007","article-title":"Frequency and Significance of Fungal Isolations From Conjunctival Sac and Their Role in Ocular Infections","volume":"73","author":"Sehgal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.52.2.127","article-title":"Fungal Flora of the Conjunctival Sac in Health and Disease. 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