{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T01:39:20Z","timestamp":1788485960085,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is important to understand the pathophysiology of ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) to improve treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To use modern video-oculography to characterise saccadic eye movements in patients with OMG, including anti-AChR, anti-MuSK, anti-LRP4, and seronegative OMG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 21 patients with OMG and five age-matched healthy control subjects underwent video-oculography. Participants performed a sequence of horizontal saccades (3 minutes each) at \u00b15\u00b0, \u00b1 10\u00b0, and \u00b120\u00b0, followed by 3 minutes of saccades directed at randomly presented targets at \u00b15\u00b0, \u00b1 10\u00b0, and \u00b115\u00b0. We recorded the direction, amplitude, duration, peak, and average velocity of each saccade for each task for each participant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saccadic amplitude, duration, and average velocity were all lower in OMG patients than in control subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.021). Saccadic amplitude and velocity decreased over time, but this decrease was similar in OMG patients and control subjects. Fixation drift and ocular disparity tended to be greater in OMG patients than in control subjects. Saccadic intrusions occurred more frequently in OMG patients than in control subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). No significant effects of time or group by time on fixation drift or ocular disparity were found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saccadic velocities in OMG patients differed from those in normal control subjects, which suggests that OMG affects fast-twitch fibres, although fast-twitch fibres were still able to generate \u201ctwitch\u201d or \u201cquiver\u201d movements in the presence of even severe ophthalmoplegia. Slow-twitch muscle fibres involved in gaze holding were also affected, accounting for increased fixation drift following saccades. Our objective finding of increased fixation drift and a larger number of saccadic intrusions mirror our anecdotal experience of patients with OMG who report significant diplopia despite minimal ophthalmoplegia on examination. Such microsaccades may be a surrogate for compensation of a gaze-holding deficit in MG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2022.938088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T01:11:28Z","timestamp":1665537088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ocular myasthenia gravis saccades as a measure of extraocular muscle function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sui H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew James","family":"Bancroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Tailor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akila","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Theodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Kaski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140504","article-title":"Prognosis of ocular myasthenia","volume":"14","author":"Bever","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20950","article-title":"Lifetime course of myasthenia gravis","volume":"37","author":"Grob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000350","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis: Toward a risk of generalization score and sample size calculation for a randomized controlled trial of disease modification","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000611","article-title":"Rating scale for ocular myasthenia gravis: A call to action","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2022.2029683","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis: a review and practical guide for clinicians","volume":"105","author":"Shuey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040003001","article-title":"Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. i. clinical observations","volume":"94","author":"Cogan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.02.020","article-title":"A prospective study assessing the utility of cogan's lid twitch sign in patients with isolated unilateral or bilateral ptosis","volume":"256","author":"Van Stavern","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(80)90092-8","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: dynamic changes in saccadic waveform, gain, and velocity","volume":"68","author":"Schmidt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040299001","article-title":"Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. 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