{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:23:12Z","timestamp":1792635792310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of glia, particularly astrocytes, in mediating the central nervous system\u2019s response to injury and neurodegenerative disease is an increasingly well studied topic. These cells perform myriad support functions under physiological conditions but undergo behavioral changes \u2013 collectively referred to as \u2018reactivity\u2019 \u2013 in response to the disruption of neuronal homeostasis from insults, including glaucoma. However, much remains unknown about how reactivity alters disease progression \u2013 both beneficially and detrimentally \u2013 and whether these changes can be therapeutically modulated to improve outcomes. Historically, the heterogeneity of astrocyte behavior has been insufficiently addressed under both physiological and pathological conditions, resulting in a fragmented and often contradictory understanding of their contributions to health and disease. Thanks to increased focus in recent years, we now know this heterogeneity encompasses both intrinsic variation in physiological function and insult-specific changes that vary between pathologies. Although previous studies demonstrate astrocytic alterations in glaucoma, both in human disease and animal models, generally these findings do not conclusively link astrocytes to causative roles in neuroprotection or degeneration, rather than a subsequent response. Efforts to bolster our understanding by drawing on knowledge of brain astrocytes has been constrained by the primacy in the literature of findings from peri-synaptic \u2018gray matter\u2019 astrocytes, whereas much early degeneration in glaucoma occurs in axonal regions populated by fibrous \u2018white matter\u2019 astrocytes. However, by focusing on findings from astrocytes of the anterior visual pathway \u2013 those of the retina, unmyelinated optic nerve head, and myelinated optic nerve regions \u2013 we aim to highlight aspects of their behavior that may contribute to axonal vulnerability and glaucoma progression, including roles in mitochondrial turnover and energy provisioning. Furthermore, we posit that astrocytes of the retina, optic nerve head and myelinated optic nerve, although sharing developmental origins and linked by a network of gap junctions, may be best understood as distinct populations residing in markedly different niches with accompanying functional specializations. A closer investigation of their behavioral repertoires may elucidate not only their role in glaucoma, but also mechanisms to induce protective behaviors that can impede the progressive axonal damage and retinal ganglion cell death that drive vision loss in this devastating condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1217137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T18:59:58Z","timestamp":1689965998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Astrocytes of the eye and optic nerve: heterogeneous populations with unique functions mediate axonal resilience and vulnerability to glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.67","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"2","author":"Weinreb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.11.005","article-title":"All roads lead to glaucoma: Induced retinal injury cascades contribute to a common neurodegenerative outcome","volume":"183","author":"Alqawlaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.12.1754","article-title":"The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Rein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.06.004","article-title":"An assessment of the health and economic burdens of glaucoma","volume":"152","author":"Varma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100916","article-title":"Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond","volume":"83","author":"Baudouin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02492.x","article-title":"Rates of visual field progression in clinical glaucoma care","volume":"91","author":"Heijl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-111815-114417","article-title":"Understanding glaucomatous optic neuropathy: the synergy between clinical observation and investigation","volume":"2","author":"Quigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150391013","article-title":"The optic nerve head in glaucomatous optic neuropathy","volume":"115","author":"Hernandez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.08.014","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in optic nerve head fibrosis in glaucoma","volume":"142","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100998","article-title":"Molecular regulation of neuroinflammation in glaucoma: Current knowledge and the ongoing search for new treatment targets","volume":"87","author":"Tezel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(99)00017-8","article-title":"The optic nerve head in glaucoma: role of astrocytes in tissue remodeling","volume":"19","author":"Hernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.07.001","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells: Energetics, compartmentation, axonal transport, cytoskeletons and vulnerability","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00024","article-title":"Glial cells and their function in the adult brain: A journey through the history of their ablation","volume":"11","author":"Jakel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9913-8_3","article-title":"Physiology of astroglia","volume":"1175","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.013","article-title":"The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease","volume":"60","author":"Barres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.035","article-title":"A cellular perspective on brain energy metabolism and functional imaging","volume":"86","author":"Magistretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.06.008","article-title":"Potassium buffering in the central nervous system","volume":"129","author":"Kofuji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020184","article-title":"Astrocytes maintain glutamate homeostasis in the CNS by controlling the balance between glutamate uptake and release","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20557","article-title":"Astrocyte glycogen and brain energy metabolism","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.002","article-title":"Astrocytic modulation of neuronal excitability through K(+) spatial buffering","volume":"77","author":"Bellot-Saez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2757","article-title":"Astroglial networks: a step further in neuroglial and gliovascular interactions","volume":"11","author":"Giaume","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003","article-title":"Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases","volume":"162","author":"Jha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00486","article-title":"Effects of neurotrophic factors in glial cells in the central nervous system: expression and properties in neurodegeneration and injury","volume":"10","author":"Poyhonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.056","article-title":"Cell biology of astrocyte-synapse interactions","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77398","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived lipoxins A4 and B4 promote neuroprotection from acute and chronic injury","volume":"127","author":"Livne-Bar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03960-y","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes induce cell death via saturated lipids","volume":"599","author":"Guttenplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.07.035","article-title":"Chemokines: key molecules that orchestrate communication among neurons, microglia and astrocytes to preserve brain function","volume":"439","author":"Flavia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.06.005","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity: an underappreciated topic in neurobiology","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050443","article-title":"The emerging nature of astrocyte diversity","volume":"42","author":"Khakh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10030168","article-title":"No longer underappreciated: the emerging concept of astrocyte heterogeneity in neuroscience","volume":"10","author":"Pestana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.159","article-title":"Functional diversity of astrocytes in neural circuit regulation","volume":"18","author":"Ben Haim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1700.227","article-title":"The neuroglia elements in the human brain","volume":"2","author":"Andriezen","year":"1893","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02926-x","article-title":"Heterogeneity of astrocytes in grey and white matter","volume":"46","author":"Kohler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020370","article-title":"Astrocytes control synapse formation, function, and elimination","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.001","article-title":"Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information","volume":"32","author":"Perea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440010302","article-title":"The perinodal astrocyte","volume":"1","author":"Black","year":"1988","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701595","article-title":"Functions of optic nerve glia: axoglial signalling in physiology and pathology","volume":"18","author":"Butt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811013115","article-title":"Regulation of myelin structure and conduction velocity by perinodal astrocytes","volume":"115","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-007-9027-5","article-title":"Gap junctions couple astrocytes and oligodendrocytes","volume":"35","author":"Orthmann-Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.050","article-title":"White matter astrocytes in health and disease","volume":"276","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.08.014","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics, transport, and quality control: A bottleneck for retinal ganglion cell viability in optic neuropathies","volume":"36","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-18-06804.2000","article-title":"Astrocytic glycogen influences axon function and survival during glucose deprivation in central white matter","volume":"20","author":"Wender","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4428","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate neurovascular signaling to capillary pericytes but not to arterioles","volume":"19","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190721","article-title":"Astrocytes control breathing through pH-dependent release of ATP","volume":"329","author":"Gourine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat4104","article-title":"Cell-autonomous clock of astrocytes drives circadian behavior in mammals","volume":"363","author":"Brancaccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03940-3","article-title":"Layer-specific morphological and molecular differences in neocortical astrocytes and their dependence on neuronal layers","volume":"9","author":"Lanjakornsiripan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14198-8","article-title":"Identification of region-specific astrocyte subtypes at single cell resolution","volume":"11","author":"Batiuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903620402","article-title":"Heterogeneity of astrocytes in human optic nerve head","volume":"362","author":"Ye","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22058","article-title":"The morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes in the optic nerve head of the mouse","volume":"516","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02506.1998","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 water channel protein in the rat retina and optic nerve: polarized expression in m\u00fcller cells and fibrous astrocytes","volume":"18","author":"Nagelhus","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013965108","article-title":"Myelination transition zone astrocytes are constitutively phagocytic and have synuclein dependent reactivity in glaucoma","volume":"108","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404651111","article-title":"Transcellular degradation of axonal mitochondria","volume":"111","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009425117","article-title":"Redistribution of metabolic resources through astrocyte networks mitigates neurodegenerative stress","volume":"117","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2013","article-title":"Astrocyte reactivity and reactive astrogliosis: costs and benefits","volume":"94","author":"Pekny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.004","article-title":"Astrocyte reactivity: subtypes, states, and functions in CNS innate immunity","volume":"41","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.703810","article-title":"Diversity of reactive astrogliosis in CNS pathology: heterogeneity or plasticity","volume":"15","author":"Moulson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00278","article-title":"Elusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Ben Haim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624983","article-title":"Glial cells in glaucoma: friends, foes, and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Bermudez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061368","article-title":"Astrocyte networks as therapeutic targets in glaucomatous neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Boal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954721","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2954721","article-title":"Retinal macroglial responses in health and disease","volume":"2016","author":"de Hoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details","author":"DiSabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-47","article-title":"Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"4","author":"Frank-Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1326","article-title":"Regeneration beyond the glial scar","volume":"5","author":"Silver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.08.002","article-title":"Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation","volume":"32","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17623","article-title":"Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration","volume":"532","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1514-09.2009","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes form scar-like perivascular barriers to leukocytes during adaptive immune inflammation of the CNS","volume":"29","author":"Voskuhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160412","article-title":"Optic nerve astrocyte reactivity protects function in experimental glaucoma and other nerve injuries","volume":"214","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-0880-6","article-title":"Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies Huntington disease astrocyte states","volume":"8","author":"Al-Dalahmah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0539-4","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of entorhinal cortex from individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease reveals cell-type-specific gene expression regulation","volume":"22","author":"Grubman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01898-y","article-title":"Meta-analysis of mouse transcriptomic studies supports a context-dependent astrocyte reaction in acute CNS injury versus neurodegeneration","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800165115","article-title":"Normal aging induces A1-like astrocyte reactivity","volume":"115","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.039","article-title":"The aging astrocyte transcriptome from multiple regions of the mouse brain","volume":"22","author":"Boisvert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00059","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity: impact to brain aging and disease","volume":"11","author":"Matias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071593","article-title":"The influence of mitochondrial dynamics and function on retinal ganglion cell susceptibility in optic nerve disease","volume":"10","author":"Muench","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00146","article-title":"Metabolic vulnerability in the neurodegenerative disease glaucoma","volume":"11","author":"Inman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20571","article-title":"Astrocytes in the optic nerve head of glaucomatous mice display a characteristic reactive phenotype","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(90)90285-Q","article-title":"Gliogenesis in rat optic-nerve - astrocytes are generated in a single wave before oligodendrocytes","volume":"139","author":"Skoff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/332834a0","article-title":"Retinal astrocytes are immigrants from the optic nerve","volume":"332","author":"Watanabe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902860305","article-title":"Origin of retinal astrocytes in the rat: evidence of migration from the optic nerve","volume":"286","author":"Ling","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268541","article-title":"Aquaporin 4 is not present in normal porcine and human lamina cribrosa","volume":"17","author":"Kimball","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105568","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity within white matter tracts and a unique subpopulation of optic nerve head astrocytes","volume":"25","author":"Mazumder","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.001","article-title":"Retinal vasculature development in health and disease","volume":"63","author":"Selvam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80244-5","article-title":"PDGF mediates a neuron-astrocyte interaction in the developing retina","volume":"17","author":"Fruttiger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902550104","article-title":"Relationship between astrocytes, ganglion-cells and vasculature of the retina","volume":"255","author":"Stone","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24190","article-title":"Development of astrocytes in the vertebrate eye","volume":"243","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1782-16.2016","article-title":"Glial cell calcium signaling mediates capillary regulation of blood flow in the retina","volume":"36","author":"Biesecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903130405","article-title":"Structure of the macroglia of the retina: sharing and division of labour between astrocytes and Muller cells","volume":"313","author":"Hollander","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"499","article-title":"Nerve fiber layer astrocytes of the primate retina: morphology, distribution, and density","volume":"17","author":"Ogden","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90024-8","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of human retinal astroglia","volume":"34","author":"Ramirez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66092-9","article-title":"Cell atlas of the human fovea and peripheral retina","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018100811","article-title":"A single-cell transcriptome atlas of the adult human retina","volume":"38","author":"Lukowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12780-8","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the human retina identifies cell types associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000108)429:2<253::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Confocal microscopic study of glial-vascular relationships in the retinas of pigmented rats","volume":"429","author":"Zahs","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv097","article-title":"Characterizing spatial distributions of astrocytes in the mammalian retina","volume":"31","author":"Jammalamadaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000492","article-title":"Large-scale death of retinal astrocytes during normal development is non-apoptotic and implemented by microglia","volume":"17","author":"Punal","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24153","article-title":"Anatomy and spatial organization of Muller glia in mouse retina","volume":"525","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199705)20:1<10::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Asymmetric gap junctional coupling between glial cells in the rat retina","volume":"20","author":"Zahs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1136","article-title":"Immunohistochemical assessment of the glial mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in glaucoma","volume":"44","author":"Tezel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20516","article-title":"Reactive nonproliferative gliosis predominates in a chronic mouse model of glaucoma","volume":"55","author":"Inman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B109","article-title":"Immunohistologic evidence for retinal glial cell changes in human glaucoma","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.01.012","article-title":"Long-term glial reactivity in rat retinas ipsilateral and contralateral to experimental glaucoma","volume":"81","author":"Kanamori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-92","article-title":"IOP induces upregulation of GFAP and MHC-II and microglia reactivity in mice retina contralateral to experimental glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Gallego","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.06.002","article-title":"Gap junction protein connexin43 (GJA1) in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head and retina","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a008391","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008391","article-title":"Eye development and retinogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Heavner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22290","article-title":"Evidence for cerebrospinal fluid entry into the optic nerve via a glymphatic pathway","volume":"58","author":"Mathieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B115","article-title":"Morphology of the murine optic nerve","volume":"43","author":"May","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B116","article-title":"Microvasculature of the rat optic nerve head","volume":"40","author":"Morrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.014","article-title":"Isolation of intact astrocytes from the optic nerve head of adult mice","volume":"137","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001858117","article-title":"The optic nerve lamina region is a neural progenitor cell niche","volume":"117","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759091415605486","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091415605486","article-title":"Expression of the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 in the mouse brain","volume":"7","author":"Hubbard","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.07.003","article-title":"Oxidative stress in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and consequences","volume":"25","author":"Tezel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.027","article-title":"Adaptive regulation of the brain\u2019s antioxidant defences by neurons and astrocytes","volume":"100","author":"Baxter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12781","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12781","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in oxidative stress of central nervous system: A mixed blessing","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.006","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation shapes brain activity","volume":"33","author":"Bonvento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.01.014","article-title":"Glial coverage in the optic nerve expands in proportion to optic axon loss in chronic mouse glaucoma","volume":"150","author":"Bosco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B125","article-title":"Astrocytes in the optic nerve head express putative mechanosensitive channels","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)01125-4","article-title":"Astrocytes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glaucoma: Open Window to Neurodegeneration Neuroprotection"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01427-3","article-title":"Widespread retina and optic nerve neuroinflammation in enucleated eyes from glaucoma patients","volume":"10","author":"Rutigliani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150499009","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head","volume":"115","author":"Neufeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.042416","article-title":"Glycogen regulation and functional role in mouse white matter","volume":"549","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902240103","article-title":"Postnatal differentiation of rat optic nerve fibers: electron microscopic observations on the development of nodes of Ranvier and axoglial relations","volume":"224","author":"Hildebrand","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100886","article-title":"Role of glia in optic nerve","volume":"81","author":"Yazdankhah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00288.x","article-title":"Kir4.1 expression by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in CNS white matter: a developmental study in the rat optic nerve","volume":"204","author":"Kalsi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00427.x","article-title":"Activity-dependent extracellular K+ accumulation in rat optic nerve: the role of glial and axonal Na+ pumps","author":"Ransom","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01184072","article-title":"Astrocyte associations with nodes of Ranvier: ultrastructural analysis of HRP-filled astrocytes in the mouse optic nerve","volume":"23","author":"Butt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurocytol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440110404","article-title":"Astrocytes exhibit regional specificity in gap-junction coupling","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24411","article-title":"Mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of axonal energy supply","volume":"97","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.192138","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"342","author":"Johri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0921-0","article-title":"Neurodegeneration as a consequence of failed mitochondrial maintenance","volume":"123","author":"Karbowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12655","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and biogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Golpich","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1625-2","article-title":"A neurodegenerative perspective on mitochondrial optic neuropathies","volume":"132","author":"Yu-Wai-Man","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2003.10.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of optic neuropathies","volume":"23","author":"Carelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(76)90416-5","article-title":"Distribution of axonal and glial elements in the rhesus optic nerve head studied by electron microscopy","volume":"82","author":"Minckler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.2.231","article-title":"Histochemical localisation of mitochondrial enzyme activity in human optic nerve and retina","volume":"83","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.81","article-title":"The pathways of mitophagy for quality control and clearance of mitochondria","volume":"20","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00037-1","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes function as phagocytes after brain ischemia via ABCA1-mediated pathway","volume":"8","author":"Morizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22898","article-title":"Astrocyte reactivity after brain injury-: The role of galectins 1 and 3","volume":"63","author":"Sirko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01184.x","article-title":"Increased expression of distinct galectins in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"37","author":"Stancic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23263","article-title":"Histological investigation of human glaucomatous eyes: Extracellular fibrotic changes and galectin 3 expression in the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head","volume":"31","author":"Belmares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16126","article-title":"Mitochondrial morphology differences and mitophagy deficit in murine glaucomatous optic nerve","volume":"56","author":"Coughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23885","article-title":"Ultrastructural morphology of the optic nerve head in aged and glaucomatous mice","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073935","article-title":"The role of axonal transport in glaucoma","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111324","article-title":"Restoration of mitochondria axonal transport by adaptor Disc1 supplementation prevents neurodegeneration and rescues visual function","volume":"40","author":"Quintero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B154","article-title":"Chronic experimental glaucoma in primates. II. Effect of extended intraocular pressure elevation on optic nerve head and axonal transport","volume":"19","author":"Quigley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238104","article-title":"Astrocyte responses to experimental glaucoma in mouse optic nerve head","volume":"15","author":"Quillen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22873","article-title":"Slow degradation in phagocytic astrocytes can be enhanced by lysosomal acidification","volume":"63","author":"Loov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23839","article-title":"Neuroglial transmitophagy and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","article-title":"The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Krasemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02013-z","article-title":"Galectin-3, a novel endogenous TREM2 ligand, detrimentally regulates inflammatory response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"138","author":"Boza-Serrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.02.012","article-title":"Microglia-secreted galectin-3 acts as a toll-like receptor 4 ligand and contributes to microglial activation","volume":"10","author":"Burguillos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.07.014","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4 impairs the response of neurodegenerative retinal microglia and prevents neuronal loss in glaucoma","volume":"55","author":"Margeta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24256","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglia in glaucoma: time for a paradigm shift","volume":"97","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00065","article-title":"Adaptive immunity: new aspects of pathogenesis underlying neurodegeneration in glaucoma and optic neuropathy","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200404000-00003","article-title":"The immune system and glaucoma","volume":"15","author":"Tezel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18928","article-title":"Transfer of mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons after stroke","volume":"535","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal0092","article-title":"Vitamin B(3) modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice","volume":"355","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101988","article-title":"Nicotinamide provides neuroprotection in glaucoma by protecting against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction","volume":"43","author":"Tribble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnene.2012.00003","article-title":"Brain glycogen-new perspectives on its metabolic function and regulation at the subcellular level","volume":"4","author":"Obel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neuroenerget"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00073","article-title":"Emerging roles for glycogen in the CNS","volume":"10","author":"Waitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.22.10625","article-title":"Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization","volume":"91","author":"Pellerin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201803152","article-title":"Fueling thought: Management of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuronal metabolism","volume":"217","author":"Yellen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23020","article-title":"Glycogen distribution in the microwave-fixed mouse brain reveals heterogeneous astrocytic patterns","volume":"64","author":"Oe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.032","article-title":"Metabolic communication between astrocytes and neurons via bicarbonate-responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase","volume":"75","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00014-7","article-title":"Neuronal death in glaucoma","volume":"18","author":"Quigley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1576-4","article-title":"Higher reliance on glycolysis limits glycolytic responsiveness in degenerating glaucomatous optic nerve","volume":"56","author":"Jassim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164022","article-title":"Astroglial metabolic networks sustain hippocampal synaptic transmission","volume":"322","author":"Rouach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004","article-title":"Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease","volume":"51","author":"Danesh-Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00118","article-title":"Connexin-mediated functional and metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons","volume":"11","author":"Mayorquin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3652-17.2018","article-title":"Structural and functional rescue of chronic metabolically stressed optic nerves through respiration","volume":"38","author":"Harun-Or-Rashid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00514-8","article-title":"The multifunctional protein PEA-15 is involved in the control of apoptosis and cell cycle in astrocytes","volume":"66","author":"Renault","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00228.2009","article-title":"Frontiers: PED\/PEA-15, a multifunctional protein controlling cell survival and glucose metabolism","volume":"297","author":"Fiory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.11.023","article-title":"Biomechanical insult switches PEA-15 activity to uncouple its anti-apoptotic function and promote erk mediated tissue remodeling","volume":"340","author":"Exler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.03.006","article-title":"Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA)-15: a potential therapeutic target in multiple disease states","volume":"143","author":"Greig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11707-7","article-title":"Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair","volume":"10","author":"Bradbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.09.008","article-title":"Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke","volume":"144","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2023.1217137\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T19:00:05Z","timestamp":1689966005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2023.1217137\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":186,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fopht.2023.1217137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fopht.2023.1217137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"article-number":"1217137"}}