{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:33:28Z","timestamp":1771331608855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Estrogen has emerged as a multifaceted signaling molecule in the retina, playing an important role in neural development and providing neuroprotection in adults. It interacts with two receptor types: classical estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (Gper). <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> differs from classical ERs in structure, localization, and signaling. Here we provide the first report of the temporal and spatial properties of <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> transcript and protein expression in the developing and mature mouse retina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied qRT-PCR to determine Gper transcript expression in wild type mouse retina from P0-P21. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to determine <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> protein expression and localization at the same time points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> expression showed a 6-fold increase during postnatal development, peaking at P14. Relative total <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> expression exhibited a significant decrease during retinal development, although variations emerged in the timing of changes among different forms of the protein. <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> immunoreactivity was seen in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) throughout development and also in somas in the position of horizontal cells at early time points. Immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm and Golgi at all time points, in the nucleus at early time points, and in RGC axons as the retina matured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, our study illuminates the spatial and temporal expression patterns of <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> in the developing mouse retina and provides a vital foundation for further investigations into the role of <jats:italic>Gper<\/jats:italic> in retinal development and degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2024.1331298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T06:10:12Z","timestamp":1710483012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["G protein-coupled estrogen receptor expression in postnatal developing mouse retina"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Wendy 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