{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:25:21Z","timestamp":1794273921051,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have been shown to correlate with disease activity in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED), a complex, heterogeneous, autoimmune disease affecting thousands of people worldwide. IL-6 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of TED through three key mechanisms that together may contribute to inflammation, tissue expansion, remodeling, and fibrosis within the orbit. First, IL-6 drives an autoimmune response targeting the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) by promoting the production of autoantibodies (i.e. TSHR-Ab, TSI), thereby triggering TSHR-dependent immune pathways. Second, IL-6 stimulates the activation and differentiation of orbital fibroblasts, which contributes to the inflammatory process and increase adipogenesis. Finally, IL-6 stimulates T-cell\u2013mediated inflammation, amplifying the immune response within orbital tissues. Although corticosteroids and surgery have served as mainstays of TED treatment, a multimodal approach is often required due to the disease\u2019s heterogeneous presentation and response to current treatment options. TED is a chronic, lifelong condition characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission, with inflammation playing a central role in disease progression and severity. Because inflammation can flare intermittently throughout a patient\u2019s life, there is growing interest in targeting specific components of the immune system to reduce disease activity and severity. This review focuses on the current evidence supporting IL-6 as a key mediator of TED pathogenesis and explores its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2025.1544436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T01:18:52Z","timestamp":1744593532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The role of IL-6 in thyroid eye disease: an update on emerging treatments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Murdock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brady 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