{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:09:40Z","timestamp":1791202180970,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dry eye syndrome (DES) is characterized by tear film and ocular surface disruptions. Symptomatic DES, one of the most common ocular diseases, reduces the quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and possible risk factors for DES in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and May 2023. This study was conducted with 1061 participants using an online survey that included questions on sociodemographic characteristics, dry eye symptoms, possible factors related to dry eye, and chronic comorbidities. Dry eye symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of dry eye symptoms was 59.9%, with 19.7% of the respondents having mild, 14.0% having moderate, and 26.2% having severe dry eye symptoms. A statistically significant difference in dry eye symptoms prevalence was observed between males and females (X\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 54.167; p = 0.000), with females (68.4%) being more commonly affected than males (52.2%). Moreover, Female participants were 1.78 times more likely to develop DES than males, and this association remained statistically significant after adjustment (OR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.37\u20132.31). Smoking (p = 0.44), computer use (p = 0.87), and mobile phone use (p = 0.69), were not significantly associated with DES prevalence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dry eye symptoms are highly prevalent in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia, affecting nearly 60% of the population. Female sex was a significant risk factor, while screen time and smoking were not. However, as the study relied on self-reported symptoms without objective clinical tests, the findings may not fully reflect disease prevalence. These results highlight the need for targeted screening and public health efforts in high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2025.1610763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T05:24:32Z","timestamp":1761888272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hatim Hassan","family":"Najmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Mohsen","family":"Tubayqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Mousa","family":"Bakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Meshal","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00202-2","article-title":"Dry eye disease: the scale of the problem","author":"Brewitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2","article-title":"The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","volume-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","author":"Craig","year":"2017"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1347","article-title":"Prevalence and risk\u00a0factors associated with dry eye symptoms: a population based study in Indonesia","volume":"86","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.67","article-title":"Impact of symptomatic dry eye on vision-related daily activities: the Singapore Malay Eye Study","volume":"24","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.11.030","article-title":"Impact of ocular\u00a0surface symptoms on quality of life in a United States veterans affairs population","volume":"153","author":"Pouyeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_281_16","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms in a Saudi Arabian population","volume":"24","author":"Alshamrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Middle East Afr. J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Self-reported assessment of dry eye in a population-based setting","volume":"38","author":"Bandeen-Roche","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200108000-00011","article-title":"Characterization of ocular surface symptoms from optometric practices in North America","volume":"20","author":"Begley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181f7f363","article-title":"The economic burden of dry eye disease in the United\u00a0States: A decision tree analysis","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0071","article-title":"The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"112","author":"Messmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl. Int"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940701486803","article-title":"Ocular surface disease index for the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome","author":"\u00d6zcura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492013000200016","volume-title":"Dry eye disease caused by viral infection: Review","author":"Alves","year":"2013"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100842","volume-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye","author":"Kojima","year":"2020"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00262-8","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study","volume":"110","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12183","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye syndrome in an adult population","volume":"42","author":"Hashemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin\u00a0Experiment. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index","volume":"118","author":"Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago Ill. 1960)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.9.1264","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Moss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch\u00a0Ophthalmol (Chicago Ill. 1960)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71688-5","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly","volume":"124","author":"Schein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96016-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"105","author":"McCarty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2013\/6089.3472","article-title":"A clinical study of subtype-based prevalence of dry eye","volume":"7","author":"Rege","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn. Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200007000-00010","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye subtypes in clinical optometry practice","volume":"77","author":"Albietz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom. Vis Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830903074095","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye in the normal population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"28","author":"Bukhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6703101","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye among adult Chinese in the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"23","author":"Jie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12210","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for symptomatic dry eye disease in Singapore","volume":"98","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00429.x","article-title":"The modern office environment desiccates the eyes","volume":"16","author":"Wolkoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.016030","article-title":"Eye complaints in the office environment: precorneal tear film integrity influenced by eye blinking efficiency","volume":"62","author":"Wolkoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Environ Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.10.18","article-title":"Validation of the Arabic version of the ocular surface disease index questionnaire","author":"Bakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-016-0114-z","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular surface disease symptoms and risk factors in group of university students in Monterrey, Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Garza-Le\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02528-7","article-title":"The validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire in a sample of the Gazan population: a study from Palestine","author":"Aljarousha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03249-w","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye and Meibomian gland dysfunction in Central and South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12888","article-title":"The global prevalence of dry eye disease: A Bayesian view","volume":"41","author":"Papas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206060","article-title":"Understanding the dry eye disease-related symptoms in South America: prevalence and associated factors-A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Loaiza-Guevara","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.670742","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye\u00a0syndrome among senior high school students in a county of Shandong Province,\u00a0China","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.030","article-title":"Japan Ministry of Health study on prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese high school students","volume":"146","author":"Uchino","year":"","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.06.022","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users","volume":"115","author":"Uchino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye in University Malaya Medical Centre","volume":"57","author":"Jamaliah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140219-02","article-title":"Dry eye after small incision lenticule extraction and LASIK for myopia","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Refract. Surg"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.253","article-title":"Subbasal nerve density and corneal sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis: femtosecond laser vs mechanical microkeratome","volume":"128","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago Ill. 1960)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.09.001","article-title":"The role of corneal innervation in LASIK-induced neuropathic dry eye","volume":"12","author":"Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S33588","article-title":"Comparison of ocular-surface disease index questionnaire, tearfilm break-up time, and Schirmer tests for the evaluation of the tearfilm in computer users with and without dry-eye symptomatology","volume":"6","author":"Unl\u00fc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005296","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005296","article-title":"Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hua","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0812-2","article-title":"Association between clinical diagnostic tests and health-related quality of life surveys in patients with dry eye syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Mizuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.021","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors associated with dry eye: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011","volume":"158","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0226-4","article-title":"Dry eye and tear film functions in patients with psoriasis","volume":"57","author":"Her","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2012.00931.x","article-title":"Associations of systemic diseases, smoking and contact lens wear with severity of dry eye","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2025.1610763\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T05:24:34Z","timestamp":1761888274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2025.1610763\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fopht.2025.1610763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fopht.2025.1610763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"article-number":"1610763"}}