{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:37:27Z","timestamp":1768207047924,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that can result in fluctuating muscle strength and various ocular manifestations. Common ocular signs and symptoms in MG patients include ptosis, limited eye movement, and diplopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between the clinical characteristics of MG, specifically the age of onset, and stereoacuity in MG patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 150 MG patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stereoacuity was assessed using the Butterfly Stereo Acuity Test. Main analysis was conducted using multinomial logistic regression to explore the relative risk associated with different levels of stereoacuity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 150 MG patients: 58 (38.7%) with normal stereoacuity, 80 (53.3%) with weak stereoacuity, and 12 (8%) unable to identify any stereo chart. Patients with MG onset before age 7 (n = 15) had a significantly higher risk of being unable to identify any stereo chart [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 14.73; p = 0.03]. Among ocular manifestations, ptosis (RRR = 2.33; p &amp;lt; 0.05) and diplopia (RRR = 2.26; p &amp;lt; 0.05) were associated with weak stereoacuity, whereas extraocular movement (EOM) disorder was significantly associated with being unable to identify any stereo chart (RRR = 10.57; p &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that an early onset of MG may contribute to impaired stereoacuity. For patients diagnosed with MG before the age of 7, it is advisable to ensure optimal management of MG itself. Future studies should explore the potential long-term implications of early-onset MG on binocular vision, ophthalmoplegia, and the impact of ocular signs and symptoms on patients\u2019 quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2025.1701092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:39:36Z","timestamp":1768196376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the impact of age of onset on stereoacuity in patients with myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chen-Yun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hou-Chang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Feng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiann-Horng","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"85","author":"March","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_39_17","article-title":"Update on ocular myasthenia gravis in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000311012","article-title":"Nationwide population-based epidemiological study of myasthenia gravis in Taiwan","volume":"35","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01149.x","article-title":"Correlation between regional myasthenic weakness and mental aspects of quality of life","volume":"13","author":"Rostedt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01693.x","article-title":"Clinical features of myasthenia gravis patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Taiwan","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.22599\/bioj.122","article-title":"The impact of diplopia on reading","volume":"15","author":"Lijka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br Ir Orthopt J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7268443","article-title":"Development of stereopsis and cortical binocularity in human infants: electrophysiological evidence","volume":"213","author":"Petrig","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2017-0006","article-title":"The concomitant association of thyroid disorders and myasthenia gravis","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e835","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000835","article-title":"Higher risk of myasthenia gravis in patients with thyroid and allergic diseases: a national population-based study","volume":"94","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01595-2","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. 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