{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:13:37Z","timestamp":1783660417109,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to analyze the optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics in different stages of posterior scleritis (PS) and explore possible correlations between OCT features and the different stages of PS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective study on clinically diagnosed cases of PS with transparent media and good OCT images at an academic tertiary eye care center in India between April 2014 and March 2019. Stage-specific prevalence, distribution, and associations of 25 predefined OCT biomarkers across the acute, resolving, and resolved stages of PS were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 104 OCT plates from 31 patients were analyzed; 43, 28, and 33 were associated with active, resolving, and resolved stages of PS, respectively. Acute PS demonstrated choroidal thickening (100%), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)\u2013choroidal bump (97.7%), internal limiting membrane (ILM) folds (90.7%), and neurosensory detachment (NSD) (86.0%); resolving PS showed hyperreflective dot (HRD) prevalence (inner retina 92.9%, subretinal space 92.9%, and outer retina 89.3%); while resolved PS was characterized by ellipsoid zone (EZ) reflectivity (54.5%), variable external limiting membrane (ELM) reflectivity (51.5%), and epiretinal membrane (ERM) (39.4%). Median central foveal thickness (CFT) declined significantly from 737 \u00b5m in acute PS to 269 \u00b5m in resolving PS and 212 \u00b5m in resolved PS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001). Acute PS was strongly associated with RPE\u2013choroidal bump [odds ratio (OR) 527.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 54.8\u20135,079.4], ILM folds (OR 73.1, 95% CI 19.5\u2013273.9), RPE thickening (OR 29.0, 95% CI 9.1\u201392.3), NSD (OR 14.8, 95% CI 5.0\u201344.0), cystoid macular edema (OR 8.3, 95% CI 3.4\u201320.5), and vitreous cells (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2\u20137.6). Resolving PS showed associations with HRD involving the inner retina (OR 8.39, 95% CI 1.95\u201336.2), outer retina (OR 7.10, 95% CI 1.94\u201325.9), subretinal space (OR 7.43, 95% CI 1.72\u201332.2), and choroid (OR 4.50, 95% CI 1.20\u201316.8). Resolved PS was associated with variable reflectivity of the EZ (OR 15.6, 95% CI 3.75\u201365.0) and ELM (OR 7.31, 95% CI 1.87\u201328.5), and posterior vitreous detachment (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.29\u20136.11).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OCT characteristics analyzed in this study can aid in identifying the stage of disease activity in PS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2026.1789004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:24:48Z","timestamp":1783657488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical coherence tomography biomarkers of posterior scleritis in different stages of the disease activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sameera","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"Kode Venkatadri Chawdhary Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niroj Kumar","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"Kode Venkatadri Chawdhary Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udit","family":"Ajmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"Kode Venkatadri Chawdhary Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Srinivas","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"Kode Venkatadri Chawdhary Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]},{"name":"Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]},{"name":"Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreo Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritesh","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]},{"name":"Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]},{"name":"Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreo Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev R.","family":"Pappuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Vijayawada\/Hyderabad\/Bhubaneswar\/Vishakhapatnum\/Kadapa, India"]},{"name":"L V Prasad Image Laboratory and Analysis Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]},{"name":"Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]},{"name":"Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreo Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.3.163","article-title":"Scleritis and episcleritis","volume":"60","author":"Watson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90543-2","article-title":"Posterior\u00a0scleritis: clinical features, systemic associations, and outcome in a large series of patients","volume":"106","author":"McCluskey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.52","article-title":"Posterior scleritis: a clinical and histological survey","volume":"2","author":"Calthorpe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1574838","article-title":"Clinical features, treatment, and visual outcomes of Japanese patients with posterior scleritis","volume":"28","author":"Ando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"195","article-title":"Posterior scleritis: clinical profile and imaging characteristics","volume":"46","author":"Biswas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"89","article-title":"Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of posterior scleritis","volume":"25","author":"Chaques","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2019.64","article-title":"Multimodal imaging in a child with severe posterior scleritis","volume":"63","author":"Inan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_115_20","article-title":"Multimodal imaging of nodular posterior scleritis: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Alsarhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2017.10.003","article-title":"Posterior scleritis follow-up by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"93","author":"Sanz-Marco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9894-4","article-title":"Choroidal observations in posterior scleritis using high-penetration optical coherence tomography","volume":"34","author":"Uchihori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2014.09.012","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the management of posterior scleritis","volume":"71","author":"Oli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.07.16","article-title":"The clinical features of posterior scleritis with serous retinal detachment: a retrospective clinical analysis","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1005240","article-title":"Posterior scleritis: Analysis of epidemiology, clinical factors, and risk of recurrence in a cohort of 114 patients","volume":"24","author":"Lavric","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000699","article-title":"Nodular posterior scleritis: Clinico-sonographic characteristics and proposed diagnostic criteria","volume":"36","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2026.1789004\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:24:49Z","timestamp":1783657489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2026.1789004\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fopht.2026.1789004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fopht.2026.1789004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"article-number":"1789004"}}