{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:51:24Z","timestamp":1785927084946,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalating global prevalence of myopia\u2014projected to affect nearly 5 billion individuals by 2050\u2014represents one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on light-mediated mechanisms governing ocular growth and their therapeutic explorations for myopia prevention and control. We examine how specific wavelengths, illuminance levels, and temporal exposure patterns influence emmetropization through chromatic aberration processing, photobiomodulation, and circadian regulation. This review provides a mechanistic framework for understanding how environmental light exposures shape refractive development and offers evidence-based guidance for implementing light-based interventions in clinical practice. As myopia transitions from a simple refractive error to a complex, multifactorial disease, these biologically informed approaches represent a paradigm shift toward prevention-focused management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2026.1812006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:38:16Z","timestamp":1785926296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of light in eye growth and light as a therapy for myopia control"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Neeraj K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kentucky College of Optometry, University of Pikeville","place":["Pikeville, KY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesson","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kentucky College of Optometry, University of Pikeville","place":["Pikeville, KY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427","article-title":"Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Myopia: a growing global problem with sight-threatening complications","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1350-9462(02)00063-0","article-title":"Role of the sclera in the development and pathological complications of myopia","volume":"22","author":"McBrien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001591","article-title":"Myopia epidemic post-coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"97","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001344","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors in schoolchildren in North India","volume":"96","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3","article-title":"IMI risk factors for myopia","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010875","article-title":"Myopia and near work: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Dutheil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8343","article-title":"High prevalence of myopia and high myopia in 5060 Chinese university students in Shanghai","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26323-7","article-title":"Myopia: why the retina stops inhibiting eye growth","volume":"12","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14149","article-title":"Sustained and rebound effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control: a 2-year post-trial follow-up study","volume":"50","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.25.002263","article-title":"Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human infant eye","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(02)00262-6","article-title":"Effects of longitudinal chromatic aberration on accommodation and emmetropization","volume":"42","author":"Seidemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.14.006213","article-title":"Chromatic aberration correction of the human eye for retinal imaging in the near infrared","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90034-9","article-title":"The longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye, and its correction","volume":"26","author":"Howarth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90046-y","article-title":"Chromatic aberration and ocular focus: Fincham revisited","volume":"33","author":"Kruger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001435","article-title":"Validation of a clinical aberrometer using pyramidal wavefront sensing","volume":"96","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Optics of the Human Eye","author":"Atchison","year":"2000"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.31.003594","article-title":"The chromatic eye: a new reduced-eye model of ocular chromatic aberration in humans","volume":"31","author":"Thibos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/16.14.9","article-title":"Transverse chromatic aberration across the visual field of the human eye","volume":"16","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12050","article-title":"The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation","volume":"33","author":"Rucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/16.5.1","article-title":"Optical and neural anisotropy in peripheral vision","volume":"16","author":"Zheleznyak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vision"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1504560","article-title":"Differences in perceived chromatic aberration between emmetropic and myopic eyes using adaptive optics","volume":"12","author":"Rodriguez-Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-9235.1993.tb03208.x","article-title":"Theoretical effect of refractive error and accommodation on longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye","volume":"70","author":"Atchison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.014","article-title":"Chick eyes compensate for chromatic simulations of hyperopic and myopic defocus: evidence that the eye uses longitudinal chromatic aberration to guide eye-growth","volume":"49","author":"Rucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108693","article-title":"Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: mechanisms and pathways","volume":"209","author":"Summers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7872","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217872","article-title":"Next-generation spectacle lenses for myopia control: optical designs, mechanisms, and clinical efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B28","volume-title":"Optical Implications of Myopia Control Contact Lenses: Accommodation, Retinal Defocus and the Effects of Prolonged Electronic Device Use on Children's Eyes","author":"Singh","year":"2025"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13533","article-title":"Accommodative behaviour and retinal defocus of children during prolonged viewing of electronic devices while wearing dual-focus myopia control soft contact lenses","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12903","article-title":"Retinal defocus in myopes wearing dual-focus zonal contact lenses","volume":"42","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.545932","article-title":"Chromatic imaging properties of myopia control spectacle lenses","volume":"16","author":"Arias","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed Opt Express"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317664","article-title":"Myopia control effect of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lens in Chinese children: results of a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"106","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.5.11","article-title":"How chromatic cues can guide human eye growth to achieve good focus","volume":"21","author":"Gawne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8993","article-title":"Optical quality of emmetropic and myopic eyes in the periphery measured with high-angular resolution","volume":"53","author":"Jaeken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00012","article-title":"Neuronal mechanism for compensation of longitudinal chromatic aberration-derived algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Barkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.683153","article-title":"Is peripheral motion detection affected by myopia","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.063","article-title":"Neuropsin (OPN5) mediates local light-dependent induction of circadian clock genes and circadian photoentrainment in exposed murine skin","volume":"29","author":"Buhr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018840118","article-title":"Violet light suppresses lens-induced myopia via neuropsin (OPN5) in mice","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12780-8","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the human retina identifies cell types associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01559.x","article-title":"Rhythmic changes in metabolism of dopamine in the chick retina: the importance of light versus biological clock","volume":"84","author":"Zawilska","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2025.02.20","article-title":"Photobiomodulation in ocular therapy: current status and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Chichan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026388","article-title":"UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice","volume":"6","author":"Kojima","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.08.021","article-title":"Dopaminergic agonists that result in ocular growth inhibition also elicit transient increases in choroidal thickness in chicks","volume":"91","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110906","article-title":"Intermittent episodes of bright light suppress myopia in the chicken more than continuous bright light","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.28","article-title":"Ambient light regulates retinal dopamine signaling and myopia susceptibility","volume":"62","author":"Landis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.12.004","article-title":"The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews","volume":"155","author":"Gawne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108525","article-title":"Tree shrews do not maintain emmetropia in initially-focused narrow-band cyan light","volume":"206","author":"Norton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87201-2","article-title":"Ocular growth and metabolomics are dependent upon the spectral content of ambient white light","volume":"11","author":"Najjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17025","article-title":"Effects of long-wavelength lighting on refractive development in infant rhesus monkeys","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20402","article-title":"Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","article-title":"Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.372","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of retina revealed novel transcriptional landscape in high myopia and underlying cell-type-specific mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.023","article-title":"Effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.05.023","article-title":"Repeated low-level red light therapy for myopia control in high myopia children and adolescents: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"131","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-327366","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of atropine, orthokeratology and repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323798","article-title":"Light exposure therapy for myopia control: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Zaabaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2025.0835","article-title":"Cone density changes after repeated low-level red light treatment in children with myopia","volume":"143","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225462","article-title":"Effect of violet light-transmitting eyeglasses on axial elongation in myopic children: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: A 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0639-4","article-title":"Effect of orthokeratology on myopia progression: Twelve-year results of a retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.029","article-title":"Two-year clinical trial of the low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: Phase 2 report","volume":"127","author":"Yam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.004","article-title":"Five-year clinical trial on atropine for the treatment of myopia 2: Myopia control with atropine 0.01% eyedrops","volume":"123","author":"Chia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.05.015","article-title":"Myopia control effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy combined with orthokeratology: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001884","article-title":"Effect of combining 0.01% atropine with soft multifocal contact lenses on myopia progression in children","volume":"99","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13272","article-title":"Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits","volume":"44","author":"Ostrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100124","article-title":"Safety of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104400","article-title":"Correlation between repeated low-level red light-induced afterimage and axial changes in myopia control","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1548","article-title":"Retinal damage after repeated low-level red-light laser exposure","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004916.pub2","article-title":"Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children","volume":"1","author":"Walline","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI \u2013 Interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.24.001250","article-title":"Maximum permissible exposures for ocular safety (ANSI 2000), with emphasis on ophthalmic devices","volume":"24","author":"Delori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1348","article-title":"The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception","volume":"5","author":"Martinez-Conde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.5977","article-title":"Red light therapy for myopia-current regulatory changes in China","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.15.5","article-title":"IMI: The role of light in refractive development and myopia: Evidence from animal and human studies","volume":"66","author":"Ashby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.2","article-title":"Outdoor jogging and myopia progression in school children from rural Beijing: The Beijing Children Eye Study","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001344","article-title":"Authors' response: Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors in schoolchildren in North India","volume":"96","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2021.0170","article-title":"Effect of classroom illuminance on the development and progression of myopia in school children","volume":"36","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.6015","article-title":"Green space morphology and school myopia in China","volume":"142","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04322","article-title":"Economic evaluation, resource utilisation, and associated economic burden of myopia management: A systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"de Milliano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2026.1812006\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:38:18Z","timestamp":1785926298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2026.1812006\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fopht.2026.1812006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fopht.2026.1812006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1812006"}}