{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:59:14Z","timestamp":1785473954386,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the rate of myopia progression among a clinical cohort in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted using electronic medical records (EMRs) of all patients attending a tertiary eye care center in Ghana. Annual refractive data were extracted from January 2021 to December 2023. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of \u2264 \u22120.50 D in at least one eye. Myopia progression was assessed by calculating the annual change in SER between visits, with progression defined as an SER change of \u2264 \u22120.50 D\/year. Given the moderate inter-eye correlation in progression rates, both eyes were analyzed independently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 4,010 EMRs reviewed during the study period, 280 patients with myopia were identified. After applying the eligibility criteria, 231 patient records were included in the final analysis. The mean age of participants was 29.41 \u00b1 14.92 years (range: 5\u201381 years), and the majority were female (60.6%; n = 140). The mean rate of myopia progression was \u22120.063 D\/year in the right eye and \u22120.089 D\/year in the left eye. Using a progression threshold of \u2264 \u22120.50 D\/year in at least one eye, 17.7% of participants were classified as progressors, while 82.3% were non-progressors. In multivariable regression analyses adjusted for sex, age remained a significant predictor of myopia progression in our cohort (B = -0.043, SE\u00a0=\u00a00.014, p = 0.001; AOR\u00a0=\u00a00.958, 95% CI: 0.933\u20130.983).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this clinical cohort, myopia progression was generally slow, with fewer than one in five patients meeting the criteria for significant progression. Older age was independently associated with a lower risk of progression, whereas sex showed no significant association. These findings indicate that myopia progression in this predominantly adult Ghanaian population is relatively modest compared with rates reported in younger populations, and identify age as a key determinant of progression in routine clinical care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2026.1878709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1785471850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A longitudinal analysis of myopia progression and its predictors in a Ghanaian clinical cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Gifty","family":"Frimpong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eldrick Adu","family":"Acquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]},{"name":"Department of Vision Science, University of Houston College of Optometry","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Kwao","family":"Pecku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian Sakyibea","family":"Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida Ayinbono Selase","family":"Afenyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine Ntunyin","family":"Dery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaiah","family":"Osei Duah Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, John R. and Kathy R. Hairston College of Health and Human Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","place":["Greensboro, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert Kwadjo Amoah","family":"Andoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Eisenbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Mechatronics, HM Hochschule M\u00fcnchen University of Applied Sciences","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Ben","family":"Kumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Owusu","family":"Akuffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.029","article-title":"Potential lost productivity resulting from the global burden of myopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modeling","volume":"126","author":"Naidoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672121998960","article-title":"Update and guidance on management of myopia. 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