{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:02:02Z","timestamp":1790226122030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Ophthalmol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In oculoplastic surgery, real-world databases capture diagnosis and procedure codes but rarely the clinical variables that define surgical meaning: laterality, levator function, margin-reflex distance, inflammatory activity, operative intent, or the reason for revision. We propose that clinical supervision be recorded as\n                    <jats:italic>documented clinical interpretive annotation<\/jats:italic>\n                    : an explicit, written layer that defines the limits of routinely collected data before they are analyzed. \u201cMentorship as metadata\u201d names the educational relationship that produces this annotation and is used throughout as a labelled metaphor, not as a claim of equivalence with formal metadata, data provenance, or research-governance documentation. Synthesizing established reporting and causal-inference frameworks with recently published oculoplastic database studies (2019\u20132026), we develop a three-layer model: code, phenotype, and judgment, together with a pre-analysis phenotype map that trainees and mentors can complete before a query is run. Central to this framework is the \u201crefusal point\u201d: a documented, pre-specified boundary at which a dataset should not be used to answer a given clinical question, co-signed by the oculoplastic mentor, the trainee or lead analyst, and a methodologist and recorded as a routine study-design deliverable. The refusal point complements the estimand and target-trial frameworks by naming the adjacent, more tempting question that the data cannot answer. It introduces no new statistical construct; its contribution is documentary, procedural, and educational, and we state explicitly what each existing framework already requires and what remains unspecified. We advance one falsifiable hypothesis: that pre-specified, co-signed refusal-point documentation increases pre-analysis reframing of research questions and improves concordance between the protocol estimand and the estimand the published conclusions can support, and we set out a prospective programme capable of refuting it. Real-world data remain valuable for utilization, trends, and rare associations, but they are not self-interpreting. Training oculoplastic surgeon-scientists to name, in writing and before analysis, the boundary between code and clinical reality may make database research more transparent, restrained, and reproducible. In oculoplastics, mentorship is the clinical annotation that turns data into evidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2026.1972892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:33:12Z","timestamp":1790224392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mentorship as metadata: clinical annotation and the limits of real-world data in oculoplastic surgery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Itay","family":"Nitzan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah\u2013Hebrew University Medical Center","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tehila","family":"Shlomov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah\u2013Hebrew University Medical Center","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zvi","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah\u2013Hebrew University Medical Center","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Real-World Evidence"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"ICH E9(R1) Addendum on Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis in Clinical Trials\n          \n          \n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21383","article-title":"Target trial emulation: a framework for causal inference from 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