{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:12:06Z","timestamp":1753891926547,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the development of cervical motor and nociceptive dysfunction in patients with whiplash (WPs) and non-recovery based on injury-related work disability 1-year after injury when compared with ankle-injured controls (ACs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 1-year observational prospective study examining consecutive WPs and age- and sex-matched ACs at 1 week,3 months, 6 months, and 1 year post-injury using semi-structured interviews; global pain rating (VAS0-10) and the pain rating index (PRI-T) and number-of-words-chosen (NWC) from the McGill Pain Questionnaire; examining nociceptive functioning using the cold pressor test (CPT), pressure algometry, and methodic palpation, and central pain processing using counter-stimulation; and examining motor functioning by active cervical range-of-motion (CROM), and neck strength [maximal voluntary contraction flexion\/extension (MVC)]. One-year work disability\/non-recovery was determined using a semi-structured interview.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 141 WPs and 40 ACs were included. Total pain rating index (PRI-T) NWC were higher in ACs after 1 week but higher in WPs after 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Ongoing global pain was higher in WPs after 1 week and after 3 and 6 months but not after 1 year. Pressure pain thresholds were reduced, and palpation was higher in the neck and jaw in WPs after 1 week but was not consistently different afterward from ACs. Cervical mobility was reduced in WPs after 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months but not after 1 year, and MVC was significantly reduced in WPs when compared with ACs after 1 week and 1 year but not after 3 and 6 months. One-year non-recovery was only encountered in 11 WPs and not in the AC group. Non-recovered WPs (N-WPs) had consistently significantly higher VAS<jats:sub>0\u221210<\/jats:sub>, PRI-T, NWC, reduced pressure pain thresholds, raised muscle-tenderness, reduced active cervical range-of-motion, reduced active-neck-flexion\/extension, and reported higher neck disability scores than recovered WPs. Of special interest, there was increasing tenderness in trigeminal-derived muscles based on palpation scores, and marked reduction of PPDT was most pronounced in N-WPs when compared with recovered WPs and ACs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervical motor dysfunction and segmental nociceptive sensitization were present from early after injury in WPs and prolonged in N-WPs. Differences in trigeminal and cervical motor and sensory function in N-WPs could be of interest for future treatment studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.906638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T05:38:30Z","timestamp":1657172310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cervical Motor and Nociceptive Dysfunction After an Acute Whiplash Injury and the Association With Long-Term Non-Recovery: Revisiting a One-Year Prospective Cohort With Ankle Injured Controls"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Helge","family":"Kasch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Carstensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie Lykkegaard","family":"Ravn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonny Elmose","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth","family":"Frostholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001307010494","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on prognostic factors in neck pain: results from the International Collaboration on Neck Pain (ICON) project","volume":"7","author":"Walton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Orthop J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S330","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182388523","article-title":"Prognosis after whiplash injury: where to from here? Discussion paper 4","volume":"36","author":"Sterling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.11.011","article-title":"The burden and determinants of neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders after traffic collisions: results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders","volume":"32","author":"Holm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e631","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000631","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptom clusters in acute whiplash associated disorder and their prediction of chronic pain-related disability","volume":"2","author":"Maujean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.01.008","article-title":"Attachment insecurity as a vulnerability factor in the development of chronic whiplash associated disorder\u2014a prospective cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S226","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182387fb4","article-title":"The potential contribution of stress systems to the transition to chronic whiplash-associated disorders","volume":"36","author":"McLean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199306000-00002","article-title":"McGill pain questionaire translated into Danish: experimental and clinical findings","volume":"9","author":"Drewes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000046661.82212.04","article-title":"Development in pain and neurologic complaints after whiplash: a 1-year prospective study","volume":"60","author":"Kasch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000457","article-title":"Pain assessment in context: a state of the science review of the McGill pain questionnaire 40 years on","volume":"157","author":"Main","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain."},{"volume-title":"User's Manual for Algometer Type 1","year":"1991","key":"B10"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2001.00179.x","article-title":"Pain thresholds and tenderness in neck and head following acute whiplash injury: a prospective study","volume":"21","author":"Kasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1987.0704249.x","article-title":"Pericranial tenderness in tension headache","volume":"7","author":"Langemark","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/71.2.98","article-title":"Reliability of measurements of cervical spine range of motion\u2014comparison of three methods","volume":"71","author":"Youdas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/72.11.770","article-title":"Normal range of motion of the cervical spine: an initial goniometric study","volume":"72","author":"Youdas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106010-00014","article-title":"Headache, neck pain, and neck mobility after acute whiplash injury: a prospective study","volume":"26","author":"Kasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.11.011","article-title":"Reduced cold pressor pain tolerance in non-recovered whiplash patients: a 1-year prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Kasch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2001.00856.x","article-title":"Effects of heterotopic\u2014and segmental counter-stimulation on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in humans","volume":"172","author":"Terkelsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199802010-00005","article-title":"Intensive training, physioterapy, or manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain","volume":"23","author":"Jordan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2348","article-title":"Whiplash injury results in sustained impairments of cervical muscle function: a one-year prospective, controlled study","volume":"50","author":"Krogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"JRM."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1637","article-title":"Handicap after acute whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study of risk factors","volume":"56","author":"Kasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B21","article-title":"Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining 'whiplash' and it's management","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.1.157-a","article-title":"Handicap after acute whiplash injury","volume":"58","author":"Weintraub","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1006","article-title":"Widespread pain hypersensitivity and facilitated temporal summation of deep tissue pain in whiplash associated disorder: an explorative study of women","volume":"44","author":"Lemming","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13473","article-title":"Impaired neck motor control in chronic whiplash and tension-type headache","volume":"144","author":"Astrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414535110","article-title":"Prevalence of neck pain in migraine and tension-type headache: a population study","volume":"35","author":"Ashina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.07.008","article-title":"Deep muscle pain, tender points and recovery in acute whiplash patients: a 1-year follow-up study","volume":"140","author":"Kasch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489509125187","article-title":"Hyperactive VOR and hyperventilation after whiplash injury","volume":"520","author":"Fischer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507082141","article-title":"Are altered smooth pursuit eye movements related to chronic pain and disability following whiplash injuries? A prospective trial with one-year follow-up","volume":"22","author":"Kongsted","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.025","article-title":"An endurance-strength training regime is effective in reducing myoelectric manifestations of cervical flexor muscle fatigue in females with chronic neck pain","volume":"117","author":"Falla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1918-1","article-title":"Responsiveness of clinical tests for people with neck pain","volume":"18","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.019","article-title":"Predictive value of fear avoidance in developing chronic neck pain disability: consequences for clinical decision making","volume":"85","author":"Nederhand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000202979.44163.da","article-title":"The effect of fear of movement on muscle activation in post-traumatic neck pain disability","volume":"22","author":"Nederhand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179572719845634","DOI":"10.1177\/1179572719845634","article-title":"Minor head injury symptoms and recovery from whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Kasch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rehabil Process Outcome."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05187-x","article-title":"Characterization of persistent post-traumatic headache and management strategies in adolescents and young adults following mild traumatic brain injury","author":"Kothari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.04.008","article-title":"Post-trauma ratings of pre-collision pain and psychological distress predict poor outcome following acute whiplash trauma: a 12-month follow-up study","volume":"139","author":"Carstensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"3431","volume":"171","author":"Carstensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001331","article-title":"Do post-traumatic pain and post-traumatic stress symptomatology mutually maintain each other? A systematic review of cross-lagged studies","volume":"159","author":"Ravn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000999","article-title":"A systematic review and synthesis of psychometric properties of the numeric pain rating scale and the visual analog scale for use in people with neck pain","volume":"38","author":"Modarresi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000968","article-title":"Clinimetric properties of self-reported disability scales for whiplash. a systematic review for the whiplash core outcome set (CATWAD)","volume":"37","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000735","article-title":"Recommendations For Core Outcome Domain Set For Whiplash-Associated Disorders (CATWAD)","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033909","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033909","volume":"9","author":"Bobos","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.906638\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T05:38:34Z","timestamp":1657172314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.906638\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2022.906638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.906638","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-561X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"article-number":"906638"}}