{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:03:49Z","timestamp":1793693029204,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anesthetic management of fetal operative procedures (FOP) is a highly debated topic. Literature on fetal pain perception and response to external stimuli is rapidly expanding. Nonetheless, there is no consensus on the fetal consciousness nor on the instruments to measure pain levels. As a result, no guidelines or clinical recommendations on anesthesia modality during FOP are available. This systematic literature review aimed to collect the available knowledge on the most common fetal interventions, and summarize the reported outcomes for each anesthetic approach. Additional aim was to provide an overall evaluation of the most commonly used anesthetic agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two systematic literature searches were performed in Embase, Medline, Web of Science Core Collection and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to December 2021. To best cover the available evidence, one literature search was mostly focused on fetal surgical procedures; while anesthesia during FOP was the main target for the second search. The following fetal procedures were included: fetal transfusion, laser ablation of placental anastomosis, twin-reversed arterial perfusion treatment, fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion, thoraco-amniotic shunt, vesico-amniotic shunt, myelomeningocele repair, resection of sacrococcygeal teratoma, ligation of amniotic bands, balloon valvuloplasty\/septoplasty, ex-utero intrapartum treatment, and ovarian cyst resection\/aspiration. Yielded articles were screened against the same inclusion criteria. Studies reporting anesthesia details and procedures\u2019 outcomes were considered. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and findings were reported in a narrative manner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The literature searches yielded 1,679 articles, with 429 being selected for full-text evaluation. A total of 168 articles were included. Overall, no significant differences were found among procedures performed under maternal anesthesia or maternal-fetal anesthesia. Procedures requiring invasive fetal manipulation resulted to be more effective when performed under maternal anesthesia only. Based on the available data, a wide range of anesthetic agents are currently deployed and no consistency has been found neither between centers nor procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review shows great variance in the anesthetic management during FOP. Further studies, systematically reporting intraoperative fetal monitoring and fetal hormonal responses to external stimuli, are necessary to identify the best anesthetic approach. Additional investigations on pain pathways and fetal pain perception are advisable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.935427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T11:32:15Z","timestamp":1664364735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anesthesia for fetal operative procedures: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Duci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fascetti Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Capolupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piergiorgio","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Tognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2012.10.009","article-title":"Anesthesia for fetal surgery","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Physiology changes of pregnancy","volume-title":"Obstet anesth princ pract","author":"Chang","year":"2004"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904010-00007","article-title":"Human fetal and maternal noradrenaline responses to invasive procedures","volume":"45","author":"Giannakoulopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3677-6","article-title":"Can fetus feel pain in the second trimester? Lessons learned from a sentinel event","volume":"34","author":"Mayorga-Buiza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aat.2013.06.011","article-title":"Thalamus and pain","volume":"51","author":"Yen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwanica"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S117959","article-title":"Appearance of fetal pain could be associated with maturation of the mesodiencephalic structures","volume":"9","author":"Sekulic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01170-2","article-title":"Analgesia for fetal pain during prenatal surgery: 10 years of progress","volume":"89","author":"Bellieni C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"CRD\u2019s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care","year":"2009"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2010.01380.x","article-title":"How to write a Cochrane systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Henderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90332-f","article-title":"Fetal surgery for cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung","volume":"28","author":"Adzick","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1306851","article-title":"EXIT Procedure for fetal mediastinal teratoma with large pericardial effusion: a case report with review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001896","article-title":"Anesthetic management for percutaneous minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery of spina bifida aperta: a retrospective, descriptive report of clinical experience","volume":"125","author":"Arens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.4.565","article-title":"Fetal bladder outlet obstruction due to ureterocele: in utero \u201ccolander\u201d therapy","volume":"23","author":"Ashmead","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01284.x","article-title":"Airway management during an EXIT procedure for a fetus with dysgnathia complex","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000089060","article-title":"Abruptio placentae during fetal myelomeningocele repair","volume":"21","author":"Barini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19083","article-title":"Fetal blood-gas values during fetoscopic myelomeningocele repair performed under carbon dioxide insufflation","volume":"52","author":"Baschat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000835","article-title":"Fetoscopic repair of meningomyelocele","volume":"126","author":"Belfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001941","article-title":"Fetoscopic open neural tube defect repair: development and refinement of a two-port, carbon dioxide insufflation technique","volume":"129","author":"Belfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.PEDS13266","article-title":"Reducing perinatal complications and preterm delivery for patients undergoing in utero closure of fetal myelomeningocele: further modifications to the multidisciplinary surgical technique","volume":"14","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2007.01.007","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, using continuous spinal anesthesia and intravenous nitroglycerin for uterine relaxation","volume":"17","author":"Benonis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20228","article-title":"Effect of intra-amniotic fluid pressure from polyhydramnios on cervical length in patients with twin-twin transfusion syndrome undergoing fetoscopic laser surgery","volume":"54","author":"Bergh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F376","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.177303","article-title":"Emergency EXIT for preterm labour after FETO","volume":"95","author":"Berrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000449382","article-title":"Fetal myelomeningocele repair through a mini-hysterotomy","volume":"42","author":"Botelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.03.011","article-title":"Lymphatic malformations adjacent to the airway in neonates: risk factors for outcome","volume":"56","author":"Bouwman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2015.12.010","article-title":"Anesthetic management of an ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: a novel balanced approach","volume":"31","author":"Braden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163693","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes following septostomy during fetoscopic surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Brock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000020981","article-title":"In utero repair of myelomeningocele: a comparison of endoscopy and hysterotomy","volume":"15","author":"Bruner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70167-5","article-title":"Endoscopic coverage of fetal myelomeningocele in utero","volume":"180","author":"Bruner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072385","article-title":"Successful EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure in a fetus diagnosed prenatally with congenital high-airway obstruction syndrome due to laryngeal atresia","volume":"10","author":"Bui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-8179-9","article-title":"Minimal-access fetal surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Bussey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-009-9092-z","article-title":"Obstetric hemorrhage during an EXIT procedure for severe fetal airway obstruction","volume":"56","author":"Butwick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.FOCUS19438","article-title":"Minimally invasive fetal surgery for myelomeningocele: preliminary report from a single center","volume":"47","author":"Carrabba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2007.120","article-title":"The exit procedure (ex-utero intrapartum treatment): management of giant fetal cervical teratoma","volume":"35","author":"Castillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-007-0402-9","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: anesthetic considerations","volume":"277","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000487394","article-title":"In utero fetal intubation for a large neck mass: a minimally invasive EXIT option","volume":"45","author":"Chmait","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135111433471","article-title":"Successful immediate newborn ross-konno and mitral valve repair following fetal aortic valvuloplasty","volume":"3","author":"Ciccolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000125158.61232.b3","article-title":"Nitroglycerin for relaxation to establish a fetal airway (EXIT procedure)","volume":"103","author":"Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(87)80154-0","article-title":"Successful fetal therapy for cystic adenomatoid malformation associated with second-trimester hydrops","volume":"157","author":"Clark","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1566902","article-title":"Use of plastic wound retractor at hysterotomy site in prenatal repair of myelomeningocele: a new technique","volume":"33","author":"Corral","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21947","article-title":"Chorioamniotic membrane separation following fetal myelomeningocele repair: incidence, risk factors and impact on perinatal outcome","volume":"56","author":"Corroenne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22177","article-title":"Doppler Changes in umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, cerebroplacental ratio and ductus venosus during open fetal microneurosurgery for intrauterine open spina bifida repair","volume":"58","author":"Cruz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000362387","article-title":"Fetal endoscopic tracheal intubation: a new fetoscopic procedure to ensure extrauterine tracheal permeability in a case with congenital cervical teratoma","volume":"38","author":"Cruz-Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21993","article-title":"Survival outcome in severe left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia with and without fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in a country with suboptimal neonatal management","volume":"56","author":"Cruz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5946","article-title":"Fetoscopic urethral meatotomy in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction by congenital megalourethra","volume":"41","author":"Cruz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000513311","article-title":"Open fetal microneurosurgery for intrauterine spina bifida repair","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000361015","article-title":"Fetal bronchoscopy as a useful procedure in a case with prenatal diagnosis of congenital microcystic adenomatoid malformation","volume":"37","author":"Cruz-Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.1999.007","article-title":"Treating previable twin-twin transfusion syndrome with fetoscopic laser surgery: outcomes following the learning curve","volume":"27","author":"De Lia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21932","article-title":"Urethroplasty with balloon catheterization in fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: observational study of 10 fetuses","volume":"56","author":"D\u0119bska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1711","article-title":"Fetoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia: evolution of a technique and preliminary results","volume":"24","author":"Deprest","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027030","article-title":"Randomized trial of fetal surgery for severe left diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"385","author":"Deprest","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.08.009","article-title":"Multimodal general anesthesia approach for Ex Utero Intrapartum Therapy (EXIT) procedures: two case reports","volume":"38","author":"Dinges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2013.10.010","article-title":"Maternal and fetal safety of fluid-restrictive general anesthesia for endoscopic fetal surgery in monochorionic twin gestations","volume":"26","author":"Duron","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3428-8","article-title":"First 60 fetal in-utero myelomeningocele repairs at Saint Louis Fetal Care Institute in the post-MOMS trial era: hydrocephalus treatment outcomes (endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculo-peritoneal shunt)","volume":"33","author":"Elbabaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.11.023","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for management of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in a vertex\/breech twin gestation","volume":"77","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12547","article-title":"Collagen plug sealing of iatrogenic fetal membrane defects after fetoscopic surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"43","author":"Engels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000175206.91231.77","article-title":"Verifying correct endotracheal intubation by measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide during an ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure","volume":"101","author":"Eschertzhuber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5865","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005865","article-title":"Successfully treated congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation by open fetal surgery: a care-compliant case report of a 5-year follow-up and review of the literature","volume":"96","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2016.03.155","article-title":"CASE 8-2016 Percutaneous fetal cardiac intervention for severe aortic stenosis and evolving hypoplastic left-heart syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Ferschl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003947","article-title":"A comparison of spinal anesthesia versus monitored anesthesia care with local anesthesia in minimally invasive fetal surgery","volume":"130","author":"Ferschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0058","article-title":"Fetoscopic laser ablation therapy in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome treated at a single centre over 10 years: a retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"Fichera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer097","article-title":"Remifentanil for fetal immobilization and analgesia during the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia","volume":"106","author":"Fink","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199705000-00039","article-title":"Anesthetic management of cesarean delivery complicated by ex utero intrapartum treatment of the fetus","volume":"84","author":"Gaiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200012000-00017","article-title":"Anesthesia for fetoscopic fetal surgery: twin reverse arterial perfusion sequence and twin-twin transfusions syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Galinkin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000020859","article-title":"In utero decompression of a cystic grade IV sacrococcygeal teratoma","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2021.103195","article-title":"Fetal heart rate monitoring during fetoscopic repair of open spinal neural tube defects: a single-centre observational cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31821b173e","article-title":"Case scenario: anesthesia for maternal-fetal surgery: the Ex Utero Intrapartum Therapy (EXIT) procedure","volume":"114","author":"Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022643","article-title":"Case series: combined spinal epidural anesthesia for Cesarean delivery and ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure","volume":"54","author":"George","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12143","article-title":"Doppler Assessment of patients with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and survival following fetoscopic laser surgery","volume":"137","author":"Gil Guevara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970100710","article-title":"Successful intrauterine therapy of a large fetal ovarian cyst","volume":"10","author":"Giorlandino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.12.010","article-title":"EXIT (Ex utero intrapartum treatment) in a growth restricted fetus with tracheal atresia","volume":"105","author":"Gonzales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050605","article-title":"Maternal complications and hemodynamic changes following intrauterine interventions for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies","volume":"8","author":"Greimel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2021.102155","article-title":"Open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele repair in France","volume":"50","author":"Guilbaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-008-0640-5","article-title":"Fetal therapy in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence pregnancies with alcohol ablation or bipolar cord coagulation","volume":"278","author":"Gul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-190235","article-title":"In utero congenital chylothorax treatment with fetal thoracoamniotic shunt: case report","volume":"13","author":"Hannah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122224","article-title":"Diagnosis, management, and therapy of fetal ovarian cysts detected by prenatal ultrasonography: a report of 36 cases and literature review","volume":"11","author":"Hara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92420-m","article-title":"Antenatal intervention for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation","volume":"336","author":"Harrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035005","article-title":"A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"349","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70278-4","article-title":"Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amniocenteses in the treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"180","author":"Hecher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3816","article-title":"Twin reversed arterial perfusion: fetoscopic laser coagulation of placental anastomoses or the umbilical cord","volume":"28","author":"Hecher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.005","article-title":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma: prenatal assessment, fetal intervention, and outcome","volume":"39","author":"Hedrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-7094(12)70141-1","article-title":"Anesthesia for ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT procedure) in fetus with prenatal diagnosis of oral and cervical malformations: case reports","volume":"62","author":"Helfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.011","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: looking back at the EXIT","volume":"39","author":"Hirose","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2012.12.009","article-title":"An ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure in a patient with a family history of malignant hyperthermia","volume":"22","author":"Hofer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2020.0028","article-title":"Open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele\u2014is there the learning curve at reduction mother and fetal morbidity?","volume":"91","author":"Horzelska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4573","article-title":"Flow patterns in the ductus arteriosus during open fetal myelomeningocele repair","volume":"35","author":"Howley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000092462","article-title":"An experience of laser surgery for feto-fetal transfusion syndrome complicated with unexpected feto-fetal hemorrhage in a case of monochorionic triamniotic triplets","volume":"21","author":"Ishii","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6450","article-title":"Severe diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion","volume":"34","author":"Jani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0740-9","article-title":"Ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure for giant fetal epignathus","volume":"52","author":"Jayagobi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(89)90077-9","article-title":"Fetal surgery and general anesthesia: a case report and review","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1067\/s0002-9378(03)00295-3","article-title":"Fetal myelomeningocele repair: short-term clinical outcomes","volume":"189","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34126-3","article-title":"A challenging delivery by EXIT procedure of a fetus with a giant cervical teratoma","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Canada"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000355600","article-title":"Term vaginal delivery following fetoscopic laser photocoagulation of type II vasa previa","volume":"35","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2020.94","article-title":"Risk profiling of the solomon technique versus selective technique of fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.10.026","article-title":"Application of a fetal scalp electrode for continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during an ex utero intrapartum treatment","volume":"46","author":"Kaneko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-006-9183-7","article-title":"Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation (PACI) facilitates fetoscopic interventions in complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies","volume":"21","author":"Kohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1390740","article-title":"Use of ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure in fetal neck and high airway anomalies\u2014report of four clinical cases","volume":"32","author":"Kornacki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.02.031","article-title":"Perinatal management of congenital oropharyngeal tumors: the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) approach","volume":"48","author":"Laje","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19001","article-title":"Percutaneous fetoscopic closure of large open spina bifida using a bilaminar skin substitute","volume":"52","author":"Pedreira DA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.02.006","article-title":"Ex-utero intrapartum treatment procedure for giant neck masses\u2013fetal and maternal outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Lazar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000336226","article-title":"Treatment of congenital pulmonary airway malformation induced hydrops fetalis via percutaneous sclerotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2555-5","article-title":"Effects and outcomes of septostomy in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome after fetoscopic laser therapy","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00374-3","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for a large fetal neck mass in a twin gestation","volume":"93","author":"Liechty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(97)70285-0","article-title":"Intrapartum airway management for giant fetal neck masses: the EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure","volume":"177","author":"Liechty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2011.0119","article-title":"Laser ablation of placental vessels in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a paradigm for endoscopic fetal surgery","volume":"21","author":"Lombardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"key":"B106","first-page":"8234","article-title":"Anesthetic management of a neonate receiving prenatal repair of gastroschisis","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000369250","article-title":"Iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes after fetoscopic laser ablative surgery","volume":"38","author":"Maggio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1159\/000502840","article-title":"Fetal cardiac intervention in critical aortic stenosis with severe mitral regurgitation, severe left atrial enlargement, and restrictive foramen ovale","volume":"47","author":"Mallmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000930","article-title":"Maternal anaesthesia in open and fetoscopic surgery of foetal open spinal neural tube defects: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Manrique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1159\/000509384","article-title":"Use of remifentanil for open in utero fetal myelomeningocele repair maintains uterine relaxation with reduced volatile anesthetic concentration","volume":"47","author":"Marsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-010-2674-6","article-title":"EXIT Procedure in a neonate with a prenatally diagnosed granular cell tumor","volume":"26","author":"Mayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.010","article-title":"Percutaneous fetal atrial balloon septoplasty for simple transposition of the great arteries with an intact atrial septum","volume":"34","author":"Mawad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013325","article-title":"Dermoid inclusion cysts and early spinal cord tethering after fetal surgery for myelomeningocele","volume":"347","author":"Mazzola","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2009.01127.x","article-title":"Immediate outcome of twin-twin transfusion syndrome following selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels at the NSW Fetal Therapy Centre","volume":"50","author":"Meriki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329700","article-title":"Fetal surgery in Zurich: key features of our first open in utero repair of myelomeningocele","volume":"23","author":"Meuli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000098715","article-title":"Fetoscopic laser surgery in 100 pregnancies with severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome in the Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01337.x","article-title":"Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome after 26 weeks of gestation: is there a role for fetoscopic laser surgery?","volume":"114","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000365988","article-title":"Successful fetoscopic surgery to release a complete obstruction of the urethral meatus in a case of congenital megalourethra","volume":"38","author":"Migliorelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2011.01801.x","article-title":"Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in the breech presentation managed by ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure after intraoperative external cephalic version","volume":"38","author":"Miwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1159\/000511781","article-title":"Open fetal surgical outcomes for myelomeningocele closure stratified by maternal body mass index in a large single-center cohort","volume":"47","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15312","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes after open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele repair: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Moron","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14780","article-title":"A case of total hysterectomy due to massive maternal bleeding immediately after fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Murata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17017","article-title":"Efficacy of long-term indomethacin therapy in prolonging pregnancy after fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a collaborative cohort study","volume":"129","author":"Mustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3468(97)90184-6","article-title":"Operating on placental support: the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure","volume":"32","author":"Mychaliska","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.574300","article-title":"Invasive fetal therapies: approach and results in treating fetal ovarian cysts","volume":"25","author":"Noia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000083908","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure in giant fetal neck masses","volume":"20","author":"Ogamo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1159\/000510815","article-title":"Alternative hysterotomy technique for the reduction of prenatal complications of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair","volume":"47","author":"Olejek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2013.07.020","article-title":"Anesthesia for EXIT procedure (ex utero intrapartum treatment) in congenital cervical malformation\u2013a challenge to the anesthesiologist","volume":"65","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brazilian J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.1.58","article-title":"Airway management in conjoined twins: a rare indication for the EXIT procedure","volume":"131","author":"Ossowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02488-8","article-title":"Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty in fetuses with right ventricular outflow tract obstructive disease: experience and outcome of the first five cases in China","volume":"42","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7495","article-title":"Laparoscopy-assisted fetoscopy for laser surgery in twin-twin transfusion syndrome with anterior placentation","volume":"35","author":"Papanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12487","article-title":"Absorbable gelatin plug does not prevent iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes after fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Papanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02624.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for selective reduction in complex monochorionic pregnancies","volume":"117","author":"Paramasivam","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.065","article-title":"Endoscopic surgery for the antenatal treatment of myelomeningocele: the CECAM trial","volume":"214","author":"Pedreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2007.0149","article-title":"Therapeutic indications of fetoscopy: a 5-year institutional experience","volume":"19","author":"Peir\u00f3","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000448096","article-title":"Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion in fetuses with severe diaphragmatic hernia: a three-year single-center experience","volume":"41","author":"Persico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2020.10.014","article-title":"Fetal surgery for open spina bifida in Canada: initial results","volume":"43","author":"Pruthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Canada"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1997.10050316.x","article-title":"In utero lysis of amniotic bands","volume":"10","author":"Quintero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000335026","article-title":"Fetoscopic release of an amniotic band with risk of amputation: case report and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.21-1-e66","article-title":"Complex fetal care cases: fetoscopic myelomeningocele repair","volume":"21","author":"Riddle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neoreviews"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000049686.20464.3B","article-title":"Nitroglycerin for fetal surgery: fetoscopy and ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure with malignant hyperthermia precautions","volume":"96","author":"Rosen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.12.008","article-title":"General vs local anesthesia for the percutaneous laser treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"199","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.02.026","article-title":"Fetoscopic therapy for severe pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a first in prenatal regenerative medicine at mayo clinic","volume":"93","author":"Ruano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000510635","article-title":"Sequential minimally invasive fetal interventions for two life-threatening conditions: a novel approach","volume":"48","author":"Ruano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14652","article-title":"Fetal intervention for severe lower urinary tract obstruction: a multicenter case-control study comparing fetal cystoscopy with vesicoamniotic shunting","volume":"45","author":"Ruano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12414","article-title":"Early fetoscopic tracheal occlusion for extremely severe pulmonary hypoplasia in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: preliminary results","volume":"42","author":"Ruano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10142","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion versus postnatal management of severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"39","author":"Ruano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1159\/000311944","article-title":"Comparison between fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion using a 1.0-mm fetoscope and prenatal expectant management in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"29","author":"Ruano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000336227","article-title":"Fetal and maternal complications after selective fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a single-center experience","volume":"31","author":"Rustico","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.08.004","article-title":"Innovative 2-step management strategy utilizing EXIT procedure for a fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum","volume":"94","author":"Said","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021142","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92iS1.9964","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: case report of a multidisciplinary team approach","volume":"92","author":"Sangaletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2003.044","article-title":"Operative fetoscopical management of intrauterine obstructive uropathia by urethral stent","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-8180(01)00287-2","article-title":"Anesthetic management of the exit (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2020.06.004","article-title":"Spiral electrode for continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during in-utero myelomeningocele repair","volume":"44","author":"Segura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4457","article-title":"Placental hematoma mimicking twin anemia-polycythemia sequence following selective laser photocoagulation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Sela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1829","article-title":"Endoscopic laser surgery in severe second-trimester twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a three-year experience from a Latin American center","volume":"27","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1159\/000509242","article-title":"Prenatal repair of spina bifida: a 2-center experience with open intrauterine neurosurgery in Chile","volume":"47","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6679845","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6679845","article-title":"Successful anesthesia management of postoperative maternal pulmonary edema and uterine hyperactivity following open fetal myelomeningocele repair","volume":"2021","author":"Snegovskikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.179","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided laser treatment for fetal bladder outlet obstruction resulting from ureterocele","volume":"188","author":"Soothill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-2115(01)00467-5","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure in fetal neck masses: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Stevens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_239_16","article-title":"Role of anesthesiologist in ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: a case and review of anesthetic management","volume":"34","author":"Subramanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12423","article-title":"Successful ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for prenatally diagnosed severe micrognathia: a case report","volume":"40","author":"Suenaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951105002313","article-title":"How to grow a heart: fibreoptic guided fetal aortic valvotomy","volume":"16","author":"Suh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14922","article-title":"Outcomes of fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome between 26 and 27 weeks of gestation in Japan","volume":"47","author":"Takano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2018.1526240","article-title":"TRAP Sequence in monochorionic\/monoamniotic (MC\/MA) discordant twins: two cases treated with fetoscopic laser surgery","volume":"37","author":"Tonni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000028645","article-title":"Myelomeningocele repair in utero: a report of three cases","volume":"28","author":"Tulipan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000330369","article-title":"Fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome after 26 weeks of gestation","volume":"31","author":"Valsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501263320404","article-title":"Preliminary experience with endoscopic laser surgery for severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"332","author":"Ville","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1994.04050396.x","article-title":"Endoscopic laser coagulation of umbilical cord vessels in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence","volume":"4","author":"Ville","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000500569","article-title":"Fetal cystoscopy and vesicoamniotic shunting in lower urinary tract obstruction: long-term outcome and current technical limitations","volume":"47","author":"Vinit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.05.032","article-title":"Intrauterine fetoscopic closure of myelomeningocele: clinical case and literature review","volume":"60","author":"Volochovi\u010d","year":"2021","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000071972","article-title":"Chorioamniotic membrane separation following open fetal surgery: pregnancy outcome","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13438","article-title":"Maternal aspects of fetal cardiac intervention","volume":"44","author":"Wohlmuth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.003","article-title":"Incidence and impact of perioperative complications in 175 fetoscopy-guided laser coagulations of chorionic plate anastomoses in fetofetal transfusion syndrome before 26 weeks of gestation","volume":"193","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.10.017","article-title":"Hemodynamic evaluation of a prenatal thoracoamniotic shunt for fetal pleural effusion","volume":"82","author":"Yonemoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0169-5","article-title":"Successful developmental outcome in intrauterine myelomeningocele repair","volume":"23","author":"Zambelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1159\/000496811","article-title":"The use of indomethacin with complete amniotic fluid replacement and classic hysterotomy for the reduction of perinatal complications of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair","volume":"46","author":"Zam\u0142y\u0144ski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6029-z","article-title":"Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation (PACI) during minimally invasive fetoscopic interventions on fetuses with spina bifida aperta","volume":"32","author":"Ziemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.01.006","article-title":"The importance of \u201cawareness\u201d for understanding fetal pain","volume":"49","author":"Mellor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1311860","article-title":"Is fetal analgesia necessary during prenatal surgery?","volume":"31","author":"Bellieni C","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.718392","article-title":"Use of fetal analgesia during prenatal surgery","volume":"26","author":"Bellieni C","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.02.012","article-title":"Fetal pain perception and pain management","volume":"11","author":"Van de Velde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000461","article-title":"Update on developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity","volume":"30","author":"Vutskits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.10.43","article-title":"Is a short anesthetic exposure in children safe? Time will tell: a focused commentary of the GAS and PANDA trials","volume":"4","author":"Chinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000156566.62182.AB","article-title":"Remifentanil for fetal immobilization and maternal sedation during fetoscopic surgery: a randomized, double-blind comparison with diazepam","volume":"101","author":"Van de Velde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.08.011","article-title":"Anesthesia for fetal surgery and fetal procedures","volume":"46","author":"Ring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005177","article-title":"Anesthesia for maternal-fetal interventions: a consensus statement from the American society of anesthesiologists committees on obstetric and pediatric anesthesiology and the North American fetal therapy network","volume":"132","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.935427\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T11:32:26Z","timestamp":1664364746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.935427\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"references-count":187,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2022.935427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.935427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-561X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"article-number":"935427"}}