{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:29:45Z","timestamp":1793644185217,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex neurophysiological disorder, which can result in many long-term complications including changes in mobility, bowel and bladder function, cardiovascular function, and metabolism. In addition, most individuals with SCI experience some form of chronic pain, with one-third of these individuals rating their pain as severe and unrelenting. SCI-induced chronic pain is considered to be \u201chigh impact\u201d and broadly affects a number of outcome measures, including daily activity, physical and cognitive function, mood, sleep, and overall quality of life. The majority of SCI pain patients suffer from pain that emanates from regions located below the level of injury. This pain is often rated as the most severe and the underlying mechanisms involve injury-induced plasticity along the entire neuraxis and within the peripheral nervous system. Unfortunately, current therapies for SCI-induced chronic pain lack universal efficacy. Pharmacological treatments, such as opioids, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants, have been shown to have limited success in promoting pain relief. In addition, these treatments are accompanied by many adverse events and safety issues that compound existing functional deficits in the spinally injured, such as gastrointestinal motility and respiration. Non-pharmacological treatments are safer alternatives that can be specifically tailored to the individual and used in tandem with pharmacological therapies if needed. This review describes existing non-pharmacological therapies that have been used to treat SCI-induced pain in both preclinical models and clinical populations. These include physical (i.e., exercise, acupuncture, and hyper- or hypothermia treatments), psychological (i.e., meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy), and dietary interventions (i.e., ketogenic and anti-inflammatory diet). Findings on the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing SCI-induced pain and improving quality of life are discussed. Overall, although studies suggest non-pharmacological treatments could be beneficial in reducing SCI-induced chronic pain, further research is needed. Additionally, because chronic pain, including SCI pain, is complex and has both emotional and physiological components, treatment should be multidisciplinary in nature and ideally tailored specifically to the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.991736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T05:43:10Z","timestamp":1661319790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions for the treatment of spinal cord injury-induced pain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Olivia C.","family":"Eller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam B.","family":"Willits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle M.","family":"Baumbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.16","article-title":"A model for estimating spinal cord injury prevalence in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Lasfargues","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.002","article-title":"Symptom burden in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.07.002","article-title":"Pain after spinal cord injury: a review of classification, treatment approaches, and treatment assessment","volume":"1","author":"Cardenas","year":"2009","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2004.10.003","article-title":"Non-pharmacological pain-relieving therapies in individuals with spinal cord injury: a patient perspective","volume":"12","author":"Norrbrink Budh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2001.11753556","article-title":"The use of complementary and alternative therapies for chronic pain following spinal cord injury: a pilot survey","volume":"24","author":"Nayak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00452-9","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury","volume":"103","author":"Siddall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101787","article-title":"Quality of life, social participation, appraisals and coping post spinal cord injury: a review of four community samples","volume":"44","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.03.008","article-title":"Opioid administration following spinal cord injury: implications for pain and locomotor recovery","volume":"247","author":"Woller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.15.47","article-title":"Spinal cord injury-induced pain: mechanisms and treatments","volume":"5","author":"Siddall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0747-8","article-title":"Neuropathic pain and spinal cord injury: phenotypes and pharmacological management","volume":"77","author":"Widerstrom-Noga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.137","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury: a postal survey in the United Kingdom","volume":"47","author":"Coggrave","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub4","article-title":"Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases","author":"Coggrave","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Lynch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S29644","article-title":"Neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"7","author":"Taweel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Rep Urol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102097","article-title":"Abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Finnerup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1351051","article-title":"Pain profiles in a community dwelling population following spinal cord injury: a national survey","volume":"42","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.905","article-title":"Neuropathic pain prevalence following spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.12.010","article-title":"Mechanisms of chronic central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Hulsebosch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.02.0045","article-title":"Chronicity of pain associated with spinal cord injury: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"42","author":"Cruz-Almeida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.11.0794","article-title":"Chronic pain following spinal cord injury","volume":"132","author":"Rekand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.70","article-title":"The Stockholm spinal cord injury study: 1. Medical problems in a regional SCI population","volume":"33","author":"Levi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.124","article-title":"Chronic abdominal pain in long-term spinal cord injury: a follow-up study","volume":"55","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100523","article-title":"Pain following spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Demirel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100365","article-title":"Classification of pain following spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Siddall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)52034-X","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: clinical presentation of symptoms and signs","volume":"152","author":"Karlsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1980.51","article-title":"Incidence and clinical features of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Lindan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Paraplegia."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00436-5","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in a mouse model of spinal cord injury","volume":"108","author":"Jacob","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0217-5","article-title":"Sepsis in mechanically ventilated patients with spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis","volume":"57","author":"Weiterer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"655","article-title":"Selective COX-2 inhibitors: a review of their structure-activity relationships","volume":"10","author":"Zarghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207449","article-title":"Prostaglandins and inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Ricciotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"24","article-title":"Recognizing the risks of chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Marcum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Longterm Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00154-2","article-title":"Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action","volume":"83","author":"Sindrup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1351-5101.2003.00725.x","article-title":"Spinal cord injury pain\u2013mechanisms and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Finnerup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00483-3","article-title":"Efficacy of amitriptyline for relief of pain in spinal cord injury: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Cardenas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001131","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001131","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury","volume":"2000","author":"Taricco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/157015907781695919","article-title":"Allosteric modulators of GABA(B) receptors: mechanism of action and therapeutic perspective","volume":"5","author":"Pin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013628","article-title":"Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: controversies, current status, and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00052","article-title":"The delta-opioid receptor; a target for the treatment of pain","volume":"13","author":"Quirion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/37610","article-title":"How opioids inhibit GABA-mediated neurotransmission","volume":"390","author":"Vaughan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"275","article-title":"Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an 'atypical' opioid analgesic","volume":"260","author":"Raffa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4161\/chan.4.6.12869","article-title":"Calcium channel functions in pain processing","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Channels."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.07.026","article-title":"Potassium channels and pain: present realities and future opportunities","volume":"500","author":"Ocana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0061","article-title":"Mu-opioid-receptor-mediated inhibition of the N-type calcium-channel current","volume":"244","author":"Seward","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.12.021","article-title":"Role of voltage-gated calcium channels in ascending pain pathways","volume":"60","author":"Zamponi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.12.002","article-title":"Opening paths to novel analgesics: the role of potassium channels in chronic pain","volume":"37","author":"Tsantoulas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.06.013","article-title":"The narcotic bowel syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"5","author":"Grunkemeier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3313","article-title":"Pharacological therapies for opioid induced constipation in adults with cancer","volume":"358","author":"Boland","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2011\/14\/145","article-title":"A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00422-0","article-title":"Opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity: implications in clinical opioid therapy","volume":"100","author":"Mao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1997.11719468","article-title":"Management of pain in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Ragnarsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.1.0059","article-title":"Dorsal root entry zone lesions for pain relief","volume":"51","author":"Nashold","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092185","article-title":"Dorsal root injury-a model for exploring pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies in spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Aldskogius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.04.0051","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury neuropathic pain","volume":"46","author":"Norrbrink","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.23","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13103","article-title":"EAN guidelines on central neurostimulation therapy in chronic pain conditions","volume":"23","author":"Cruccu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105822","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation for bowel, bladder and sexual restoration following spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"194","author":"Parittotokkaporn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30232-z","article-title":"A proof-of-concept study of transcutaneous magnetic spinal cord stimulation for neurogenic bladder","volume":"8","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2020.0026","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for the restoration of bladder function after spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Steadman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthc Technol Lett."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-018-0383-y","article-title":"Protocol for a randomized clinical trial investigating early sacral nerve stimulation as an adjunct to standard neurogenic bladder management following acute spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Redshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.09.041","article-title":"Sacral anterior root stimulation and visceral function outcomes in spinal cord injury-a systematic review of the literature over four decades","volume":"157","author":"Guiho","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2008.12.011","article-title":"Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Chronic neuropathic pain management in spinal cord injury patients. What is the efficacy of pharmacological treatments with a general mode of administration? (oral, transdermal, intravenous)","volume":"52","author":"Attal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(96)00152-2","article-title":"Effects of intrathecal baclofen on chronic spinal cord injury pain","volume":"12","author":"Loubser","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00487-5","article-title":"Microsurgical DREZotomy for pain due to spinal cord and\/or cauda equina injuries: long-term results in a series of 44 patients","volume":"92","author":"Sindou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00432","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation of spinal cord restores lower urinary tract function after paralysis","volume":"12","author":"Gad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11062-x","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation for refractory bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24253","article-title":"The impact of catheter-based bladder drainage method on urinary tract infection risk in spinal cord injury and neurogenic bladder: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Kinnear","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00035","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underlying centralized pain and emerging therapeutic interventions","volume":"12","author":"Eller-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000099","article-title":"Exercise, not to exercise, or how to exercise in patients with chronic pain? Applying science to practice","volume":"31","author":"Daenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90050-P","article-title":"The effect of exercise on depression, anxiety and other mood states: a review","volume":"37","author":"Byrne","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2433","article-title":"Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review","volume":"163","author":"Bair","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032047","article-title":"Pain, depression, and health care utilization over time after spinal cord injury","volume":"58","author":"Ullrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.016","article-title":"Prevalence of depression after spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90144-9","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw","volume":"53","author":"Chaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90026-7","article-title":"A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia","volume":"32","author":"Hargreaves","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"74","article-title":"A method for determining loss of pain sensation","volume":"72","author":"D'Armour","year":"1941","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Therap."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.016","article-title":"Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury and physical exercise in animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Palandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.167","article-title":"Exercise therapy and recovery after SCI: evidence that shows early intervention improves recovery of function","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.02.013","article-title":"Acute exercise prevents the development of neuropathic pain and the sprouting of non-peptidergic (GDNF- and artemin-responsive) c-fibers after spinal cord injury","volume":"255","author":"Detloff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3692","article-title":"An intensive locomotor training paradigm improves neuropathic pain following spinal cord compression injury in rats","volume":"32","author":"Dugan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000422","article-title":"Early-onset treadmill training reduces mechanical allodynia and modulates calcitonin gene-related peptide fiber density in lamina III\/IV in a mouse model of spinal cord contusion injury","volume":"157","author":"Nees","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314562110","article-title":"BDNF induced by treadmill training contributes to the suppression of spasticity and allodynia after spinal cord injury via upregulation of KCC2","volume":"29","author":"Tashiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114105","article-title":"Voluntary exercise ameliorates neuropathic pain by suppressing calcitonin gene-related peptide and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 overexpression in the lumbar dorsal horns in response to injury to the cervical spinal cord","volume":"354","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744806920924511","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806920924511","article-title":"Exercise training modulates glutamic acid decarboxylase-65\/67 expression through TrkB signaling to ameliorate neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Pain."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5431","article-title":"Sensorimotor activity partially ameliorates pain and reduces nociceptive fiber density in the chronically injured spinal cord","volume":"35","author":"Sliwinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7378","article-title":"Intensive locomotor training provides sustained alleviation of chronic spinal cord injury-associated neuropathic pain: a two-year pre-clinical study","volume":"38","author":"Dugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113533","article-title":"Voluntary wheel running preserves lumbar perineuronal nets, enhances motor functions and prevents hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury","volume":"336","author":"Sanchez-Ventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.02.043","article-title":"Early exercise in spinal cord injured rats induces allodynia through TrkB signaling","volume":"381","author":"Endo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315619698","article-title":"Delayed exercise is ineffective at reversing aberrant nociceptive afferent plasticity or neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"30","author":"Detloff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.160","article-title":"Effects of an exercise programme on musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury\u2013results from a seated double-poling ergometer study","volume":"50","author":"Norrbrink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.48.3.157","article-title":"Using exercise to enhance subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injury: The mediating influences of stress and pain","volume":"48","author":"Ginis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101389","article-title":"Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being","volume":"41","author":"Hicks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101487","article-title":"Maintenance of exercise participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects on quality of life, stress and pain","volume":"41","author":"Ditor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0001","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: overview of experimental approaches used to restore locomotor activity","volume":"26","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.951","article-title":"Effect of locomotor training on motor recovery and walking ability in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: a case series","volume":"26","author":"Anwer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308318473","article-title":"Improving gait in multiple sclerosis using robot-assisted, body weight supported treadmill training","volume":"22","author":"Lo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254948","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/254948","article-title":"Plasticity of corticospinal neural control after locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","volume":"2012","author":"Knikou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190998","article-title":"Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Hubscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.11.002","article-title":"Effect of different forms of activity-based recovery training on bladder, bowel, and sexual function after spinal cord injury","volume":"102","author":"Hubscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.676146","article-title":"\u201cBut I know what works\u201d\u2013patients' experience of spinal cord injury neuropathic pain management","volume":"34","author":"Lofgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-018-0130-3","article-title":"An examination of diurnal variations in neuropathic pain and affect, on exercise and non-exercise days, in adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"4","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101002","article-title":"The effect of frequency and mode of sports activity on the psychological status in tetraplegics and paraplegics","volume":"38","author":"Muraki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273355","article-title":"Does exercise increase or decrease pain? Central mechanisms underlying these two phenomena","volume":"595","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198401020-00004","article-title":"Endorphins and exercise","volume":"1","author":"Harber","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.07.030184.001521","article-title":"Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry","volume":"7","author":"Basbaum","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(81)90052-4","article-title":"Naloxone alters pain perception after jogging","volume":"5","author":"Haier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07818.x","article-title":"Effects of naloxone on dental pain threshold following muscle exercise and low frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation: a comparative study in man","volume":"126","author":"Olausson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318210f880","article-title":"Regular exercise reverses sensory hypersensitivity in a rat neuropathic pain model: role of endogenous opioids","volume":"114","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000618","article-title":"Regular physical activity prevents development of chronic muscle pain through modulation of supraspinal opioid and serotonergic mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Brito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(84)90061-7","article-title":"Pain sensitivity, mood and plasma endocrine levels in man following long-distance running: effects of naloxone","volume":"19","author":"Janal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199103000-00012","article-title":"Experimental pain thresholds and plasma beta-endorphin levels during exercise","volume":"23","author":"Droste","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90465-E","article-title":"Exercise training: significance of regional alterations in serotonin metabolism of rat brain in relation to antidepressant effect of exercise","volume":"52","author":"Dey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.1.19","article-title":"Chronic response of rat brain norepinephrine and serotonin levels to endurance training","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000372","article-title":"Role of brainstem serotonin in analgesia produced by low-intensity exercise on neuropathic pain after sciatic nerve injury in mice","volume":"156","author":"Bobinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.09.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia","volume":"15","author":"Koltyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000340","article-title":"Acute resistance exercise induces antinociception by activation of the endocannabinoid system in rats","volume":"119","author":"Galdino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.09.022","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system mediates aerobic exercise-induced antinociception in rats","volume":"77","author":"Galdino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3041","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease","volume":"11","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","article-title":"Cytokines, inflammation, and pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.004","article-title":"Clinical correlates of elevated serum concentrations of cytokines and autoantibodies in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Davies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260139129","article-title":"Elevated serum titers of proinflammatory cytokines and CNS autoantibodies in patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Hayes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1888","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatments during the chronic phase of spinal cord injury improve locomotor function in adult mice","volume":"28","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20827","article-title":"Comparative analysis of lesion development and intraspinal inflammation in four strains of mice following spinal contusion injury","volume":"494","author":"Kigerl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11760749","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury","volume":"32","author":"Groah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002093","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation","volume":"114","author":"Minihane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533617700353","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory diet in clinical practice: a review","volume":"32","author":"Ricker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0881-1","article-title":"Mediterranean diet cools down the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes: the MEDITA randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Maiorino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.028","article-title":"Targeted alteration of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for the treatment of chronic headaches: a randomized trial","volume":"154","author":"Ramsden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.020","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain","volume":"129","author":"Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S58535","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter study","volume":"9","author":"Kuptniratsaikul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.06.001","article-title":"An omega-3-rich anti-inflammatory diet improved widespread allodynia and worsened metabolic outcomes in adult mice exposed to neonatal maternal separation","volume":"468","author":"Eller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02280-0","article-title":"Antioxidant-rich diets improve cerebellar physiology and motor learning in aged rats","volume":"866","author":"Bickford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0625-4","article-title":"Targeting inflammation as a treatment modality for neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Allison","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055102918798732","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918798732","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to adhering to an anti-inflammatory diet for individuals with spinal cord injuries","volume":"5","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol Open"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2447","article-title":"The ketogenic diet: one decade later","volume":"119","author":"Freeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03156-2","article-title":"Ketone metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate ameliorates inflammation after spinal cord injury by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"46","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80727-x","article-title":"Ketogenic diet effects on inflammatory allodynia and ongoing pain in rodents","volume":"11","author":"Ruskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.05.011","article-title":"A ketogenic diet reduces metabolic syndrome-induced allodynia and promotes peripheral nerve growth in mice","volume":"306","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813487595","article-title":"Ketogenic diets and pain","volume":"28","author":"Masino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-018-0121-4","article-title":"Evaluation of a ketogenic diet for improvement of neurological recovery in individuals with acute spinal cord injury: a pilot, randomized safety and feasibility trial","volume":"4","author":"Yarar-Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078765","article-title":"Ketogenic diet improves forelimb motor function after spinal cord injury in rodents","volume":"8","author":"Streijger","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"739","article-title":"Low-FODMAP diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Magge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002973","article-title":"A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"111","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i10.3072","article-title":"Effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: Updated systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Didari","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.117","article-title":"Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Gareau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422417000270","article-title":"Food pyramid for subjects with chronic pain: foods and dietary constituents as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents","volume":"31","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.11.036","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adolescents","volume":"109","author":"Holt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.001","article-title":"A dietary pattern that lowers oxidative stress increases antibodies to oxidized LDL: results from a randomized controlled feeding study","volume":"183","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0340-6","article-title":"Consumption of red meat and whole-grain bread in relation to biomarkers of obesity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress","volume":"52","author":"Montonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-10","article-title":"A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef","volume":"9","author":"Daley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.10.023","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain","volume":"65","author":"Maroon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Neurol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.033274","article-title":"Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycemic index on cardiovascular risk factors: the diet, obesity, and genes (DiOGenes) study: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Gogebakan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.09.007","article-title":"The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Veech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/caff.2020.0011","article-title":"Adenosine and ketogenic treatments","volume":"10","author":"Ruskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Caffeine Adenosine Res."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00085","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by adenosine","volume":"4","author":"Hasko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101073","article-title":"Chronic pain after SCI. A patient survey","volume":"38","author":"Ravenscroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00621-9","article-title":"Treatments that are perceived to be helpful for non-neuropathic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury: a multicenter cross-sectional survey","volume":"59","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X10666161213163301","article-title":"Heat shock proteins: therapeutic perspectives in inflammatory disorders","volume":"10","author":"Khandia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4199\/C00013ED1V01Y201006ISP008","volume-title":"Inflammation and the Microcirculation","author":"Granger","year":"2010"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2015879","article-title":"The \u201ccold cord\u201d: a review of therapeutic hypothermia for traumatic spinal cord injuries","volume":"24","author":"Tracy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0035-3","article-title":"Hypothermic treatment for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Dietrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.1.0085","article-title":"Beneficial effects of modest systemic hypothermia on locomotor function and histopathological damage following contusion-induced spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"93","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.11.005","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic pain: update of an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Vickers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01584.x","article-title":"Acupuncture\u2013a critical analysis","volume":"259","author":"Ernst","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26624","article-title":"Is acupuncture effective in treating chronic pain after spinal cord injury?","volume":"82","author":"Nayak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.76","article-title":"Electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) ameliorates colonic neuronal nitric oxide synthase upregulation in rats with neurogenic bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9245186","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9245186","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic urinary retention due to spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2018.05.002","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: how could acupuncture help?","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2012.1022","article-title":"Neuroanatomic and clinical correspondences: acupuncture and vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"20","author":"Da Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin","volume":"405","author":"Borovikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-020-00042-8","article-title":"Specific vagus nerve stimulation parameters alter serum cytokine levels in the absence of inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Tsaava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605635113","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"113","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1441","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00588.2007","article-title":"Subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent nerves modulate visceral pain","volume":"294","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813472","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.813472","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation reduces neuroinflammation through microglia polarization regulation to improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B176","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Improving physical functional status in patients with fibromyalgia: a brief cognitive behavioral intervention","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001691","article-title":"Psychotherapy with somatosensory stimulation for endometriosis-associated pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"128","author":"Meissner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010152","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010152.pub2","article-title":"Psychological therapies (Internet-delivered) for the management of chronic pain in adults","volume":"2014","author":"Eccleston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9844-2","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260626","article-title":"Cortical and autonomic responses during staged Taoist meditation: two distinct meditation strategies","volume":"16","author":"Volodina","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-016-0044-8","article-title":"Non-pharmacological management of abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children","volume":"12","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Pediatr."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90145-2","article-title":"Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta-analytic review","volume":"49","author":"Flor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B183","first-page":"74","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral approaches to the treatment of pain","volume":"40","author":"Waters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503762842002","article-title":"Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries","volume":"42","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90136-8","article-title":"Immunizing against depression and anxiety after spinal cord injury","volume":"79","author":"Craig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970500476258","article-title":"A comprehensive pain management programme comprising educational, cognitive and behavioural interventions for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Norrbrink Budh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181bff8f3","article-title":"Comparison of a pain management program with usual care in a pain management center for people with spinal cord injury-related chronic pain","volume":"26","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.09.029","article-title":"The CONECSI trial: results of a randomized controlled trial of a multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral program for coping with chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"153","author":"Heutink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.05.004","article-title":"Evaluation of an interdisciplinary program for chronic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Burns","year":"2013","journal-title":"PM R."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-1619-5","article-title":"Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Hearn","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2021.1970894","article-title":"Pilot clinical trial of a clinical meditation and imagery intervention for chronic pain after spinal cord injury","author":"Zanca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_68_20","article-title":"Effect of Raja Yoga meditation on psychological and functional outcomes in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"14","author":"Chalageri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Yoga."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113273","article-title":"Refining rodent models of spinal cord injury","volume":"328","author":"Lilley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23841","article-title":"Sex differences in pain","volume":"95","author":"Sorge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.991736\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T05:43:21Z","timestamp":1661319801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.991736\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":194,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2022.991736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.991736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-561X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"article-number":"991736"}}