{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:07:06Z","timestamp":1787929626846,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interstitial cystitis (IC) presents as a chronic pain condition with variable combinations of symptoms depending on the species and individual patient. It is diagnosed by the presence of lower urinary tract signs and symptoms in combination with a variety of comorbid health problems, a history of life adversities, and the absence of other conditions that could cause the lower urinary tract signs. IC occurs naturally in humans and cats as a dimensional condition, with patients presenting with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. Most patients appear to recover without specific treatment. A number of rodent models of IC have been used to study its causes and treatments. Unfortunately, current therapies generally fail to ameliorate IC symptoms long-term. The recent classification of IC as a chronic <jats:italic>primary<\/jats:italic> pain disorder calls for a rethinking of current clinical and research approaches to it. Beginning when a patient encounters a clinician, precipitating, perpetuating, and palliating risk factors can be addressed until a cause or reliably effective therapy is identified, and identifying predisposing and preventive factors can inform epidemiological studies and health promotion interventions. Predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating risk factors, including environmental, psychological, and biological, increase the activity of the central threat response system (CTRS), which plays a clinically important role in IC symptoms. Studies in cats and rodent models have revealed that environmental enrichment (EE), in the absence of bladder-directed therapies, leads to amelioration of IC symptoms, implying a central role for the CTRS in symptom precipitation and perpetuation. Conceptually moving the source of IC pain to the brain as a motivational state rather than one resulting from peripheral nociceptive input offers both clinicians and researchers novel opportunities to improve care for patients with IC and for researchers to use more ecologically valid rodent models. It may even be that IC results from an excess of risk to protective factors, making this imbalance a targetable cause rather than a consequence of IC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2024.1405488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:10:11Z","timestamp":1715231411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interstitial cystitis\u2014an imbalance of risk and protective factors?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jodi L.","family":"Westropp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith L.","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A. Tony","family":"Buffington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0732.x","article-title":"Idiopathic cystitis in domestic cats-beyond the lower urinary tract","volume":"25","author":"Buffington","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.818993","article-title":"The effect of chronic psychological stress on lower urinary tract function: an animal model perspective","volume":"431","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1232017","article-title":"Animal models of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Tay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001390","article-title":"The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic primary pain","volume":"160","author":"Nicholas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.07.019","article-title":"\u201cNociplastic pain\u201d: a challenge to nosology and to nociception","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised international association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"169","article-title":"Bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume-title":"Urogenital Pain in Clinical Practice","author":"Buffington","year":"2008"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","author":"Lim","year":""},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925834","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.925834","article-title":"National prevalence of IC\/BPS in women and men utilizing veterans health administration data","volume":"3","author":"Anger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(84)50053-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of naturally-occurring feline urologic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Willeberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1429","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of risk factors for lower urinary tract diseases in cats","volume":"218","author":"Lekcharoensuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001885","article-title":"The multi-generational familial aggregation of interstitial cystitis, other chronic nociplastic pain disorders, depression, and panic disorder","author":"Allen-Brady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000894","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences in women with overactive bladder or interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Komesu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.024","article-title":"Early and recent exposure to adversity, TLR-4 stimulated inflammation, and diurnal cortisol in women with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: a MAPP research network study","volume":"111","author":"Lutgendorf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000095566.63870.66","article-title":"Small adrenal glands in cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"170","author":"Westropp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.1.67","article-title":"Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"238","author":"Stella","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.08.009","article-title":"The chronic overlapping pain condition screener","volume":"25","author":"Schrepf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.5.722","article-title":"A case-control study of indoor-housed cats with lower urinary tract signs","volume":"228","author":"Buffington","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(05)67637-9","article-title":"A prospective study of interstitial, cystitis: results of longitudinal followup of the interstitial cystitis data base cohort","volume":"163","author":"Propert","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11539.x","article-title":"Comorbidities of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: a population-based study","volume":"110","author":"Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.04.015","article-title":"Comorbidities in a nationwide, heterogenous population of veterans with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Laden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.202","article-title":"Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990\u20131999)","volume":"220","author":"Rush","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.01.080","article-title":"Protein kinase C contributes to abnormal capsaicin responses in DRG neurons from cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"381","author":"Sculptoreanu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.01.011","article-title":"Abnormal excitability in capsaicin-responsive DRG neurons from cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"193","author":"Sculptoreanu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.10.014","article-title":"Effects of stressors on the behavior and physiology of domestic cats","volume":"143","author":"Stella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13971","article-title":"Hunner lesion versus non-Hunner lesion interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Whitmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1990.35644","article-title":"A case of interstitial cystitis and Hunner\u2019s ulcer in a domestic shorthaired cat","volume":"38","author":"Clasper","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.10.03","article-title":"Increased bladder permeability in interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Hurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F540","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F540","article-title":"Urothelial pathophysiological changes in feline interstitial cystitis: a human model","volume":"278","author":"Lavelle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198816","article-title":"Electron microscopic characteristics of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and their association with clinical condition","volume":"13","author":"Jhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.01.036","article-title":"Are mast cells still good biomarkers for bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis?","volume":"193","author":"Gamper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00013","article-title":"Inflammation and tissue remodeling in the bladder and urethra in feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"12","author":"Kullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0391560320960003","article-title":"Urine and serum glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis of urological diseases and conditions: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"88","author":"Ustunda\u011f","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66201-3","article-title":"Decreased urine glycosaminoglycan excretion in cats with interstitial cystitis","volume":"155","author":"Buffington","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68800-3","article-title":"Mthe urinary glycoprotein GP51 as a clinical marker for interstitial cystitis","volume":"161","author":"Shupp Byrne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"288A","article-title":"Decreased expression of GP-51 glycosaminoglycan in cats afflicted with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"153","author":"Press","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)69129-8","article-title":"In vivo models of interstitial cystitis","volume":"167","author":"Westropp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07384.x","article-title":"Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibres in interstitial cystitis","volume":"75","author":"Pang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62967-7","article-title":"High affinity binding sites for [3H]substance P in urinary bladders of cats with interstitial cystitis","volume":"160","author":"Buffington","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23330","article-title":"Sensory mapping of pelvic dermatomes in women with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Sanses","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000145591.35569.9e","article-title":"Bladder A-delta afferent nerve activity in normal cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"173","author":"Roppolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00507.x","article-title":"Increased expression of substance P receptor-encoding mRNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis","volume":"81","author":"Marchand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003820","article-title":"Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome flares: a comprehensive, systematic review and meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed flare literature","author":"Barker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.01.025","article-title":"Increased startle responses in interstitial cystitis: evidence for central hyperresponsiveness to visceral related threat","volume":"181","author":"Twiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.144","article-title":"Effects of interstitial cystitis on the acoustic startle reflex in cats","volume":"74","author":"Hague","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(01)63833-3","article-title":"Increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus of cats with interstitial cystitis","volume":"159","author":"Reche","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22542","article-title":"Can the adrenergic system be implicated in the pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis? A clinical and experimental study","volume":"34","author":"Charrua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66292-1","article-title":"Increased plasma norepinephrine concentration in cats with interstitial cystitis","volume":"165","author":"Buffington","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(98)00663-3","article-title":"Elevated urinary norepinephrine in interstitial cystitis","volume":"53","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67704-X","article-title":"Increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in bladder tissue from patients with classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis","volume":"163","author":"Peeker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"42","article-title":"Increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the urinary bladder of cats with interstitial cystitis","volume":"8","author":"Reche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Online J Vet Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.2.203","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in cats with idiopathic cystitis","volume":"68","author":"Westropp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65253-6","article-title":"Norepinephrine content and adrenoceptor function in the bladder of cats with feline interstitial cystitis","volume":"167","author":"Buffington","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.04.101","article-title":"Effects of chronic pelvic pain on heart rate variability in women","volume":"194","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17448069211035217","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069211035217","article-title":"Circulating sex steroids and bladder pain sensitivity in dysmenorrhea","volume":"17","author":"Hellman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.17221\/146\/2019-VETMED","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics of cats with signs of feline lower urinary tract disease in the Czech Republic","volume":"65","author":"Kovarikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03236-7","article-title":"Immune cell profiles of patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Moldwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076779","article-title":"Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein and nerve growth factor expressions in serum of patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.026","article-title":"Alterations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue protein expressions in cats with interstitial cystitis","volume":"39","author":"Mohamaden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013325.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for treating people with symptoms of bladder pain syndrome: a network meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Imamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.09.1282","article-title":"Amitriptyline treatment for severe recurrent idiopathic cystitis in cats","volume":"213","author":"Chew","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.02.002","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification in the management of cats with lower urinary tract signs","volume":"8","author":"Buffington","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24104","article-title":"Long-term outcome and symptom improvement in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome with or without regular follow-up and treatment","volume":"38","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24959","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS): single-center 20 year experience and treatment results in India","volume":"41","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2022.03.003","article-title":"Syndrome de la douleur v\u00e9sicale: r\u00e9sultats \u00e0 long terme (15 ans) d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience monocentrique","volume":"32","author":"De Cian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Urol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.900847","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, potential biomarkers and management of feline idiopathic cystitis: an update review","volume":"758","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/philosophies4030050","article-title":"Emergence and evidence: a close look at bunge\u2019s philosophy of medicine","volume":"4","author":"Klement","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philosophies"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41239-5","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rethinking causality, complexity and evidence for the unique patient: a causehealth resource for healthcare professionals and the clinical encounter"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13131-5","article-title":"How did Vasco da Gama sail for 16 weeks without developing scurvy?","volume":"361","author":"Martini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002756","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"208","author":"Clemens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00374-7","article-title":"The blame-X syndrome: problems and lessons in nosology, spectrum, and etiology","volume":"54","author":"Feinstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12307","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis and the painful bladder: a brief history of nomenclature, definitions and criteria","volume":"21","author":"Meijlink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.12.103","article-title":"Development, validation and testing of an epidemiological case definition of interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"183","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"JUrol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","article-title":"The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the international continence society","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20847","article-title":"Bladder pain syndrome committee of the international consultation on incontinence","volume":"29","author":"Hanno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-14-58","article-title":"The MAPP research network: design, patient characterization and operations","volume":"14","author":"Landis","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12314","article-title":"Hypersensitive bladder: a solution to confused terminology and ignorance concerning interstitial cystitis","volume":"21","author":"Homma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Central sensitization in the bladder pain syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Gori","year":"2016","journal-title":"JSM Pain Manag"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157339711102150702112236","article-title":"Editorial review: an update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology","volume":"11","author":"Yunus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-019-00542-7","article-title":"Classification, characterization, and sub-grouping of interstitial cystitis","volume":"14","author":"Homma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2014.0027","article-title":"Case formulation after engel\u2014the 4P model: a philosophical case conference","volume":"21","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Psychiatr Psychol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02498","article-title":"A framework for understanding the role of psychological processes in disease development, maintenance, and treatment: the 3P-disease model","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001145","article-title":"Predictors of persistent somatic symptoms in the general population: a systematic review of cohort studies","volume":"85","author":"Kitselaar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018466108","article-title":"Phantom percepts: tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks","volume":"108","author":"De Ridder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad SciC"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002740","article-title":"Central sensitization: clinical utility of a physiological concept for the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems and for nociplastic pain","volume":"163","author":"Treede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.013","article-title":"The anatomy of pain and suffering in the brain and its clinical implications","volume":"130","author":"De Ridder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945921990730","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Kirkham","year":"2022","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.001","article-title":"The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2208029","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness as medical issues","volume":"288","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/lim2.75","article-title":"Human social genomics: concepts, mechanisms, and implications for health","author":"Slavich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190493","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0493","article-title":"The adaptive origins of uniquely human sociality","volume":"375","author":"Tomasello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000379","article-title":"The role of environmental stress on lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Sanford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23965","article-title":"Mental health is biological health: why tackling \u201cdiseases of the mind\u201d is an imperative for biological anthropology in the 21st century","volume":"171","author":"Syme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00957-1","article-title":"US surgeon general: loneliness is a public health crisis","volume":"401","author":"Jaffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2015.09.004","article-title":"Sociality in cats: a comparative review","volume":"11","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2018_77","article-title":"Neural circuits underlying rodent sociality: a comparative approach","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrine Regulation of Behavior"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102889","article-title":"Stress and the \u201cextended\u201d autonomic system","volume":"236","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.03.001","article-title":"Stress and feline health","volume":"50","author":"Buffington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102868","article-title":"The innervation of the bladder, the pelvic floor, and emotion: a review","volume":"235","author":"Quaghebeur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216345","article-title":"Psychological profile in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"11","author":"Magari\u00f1os L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01367-9","article-title":"Recognizing the importance of childhood maltreatment as a critical factor in psychiatric diagnoses, treatment, research, prevention, and education","volume":"27","author":"Teicher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.12.014","article-title":"Childhood trauma perpetrated by close others, psychiatric dysfunction, and urological symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.11.02","article-title":"How does interstitial cystitis begin?","volume":"4","author":"Parsons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.09.018","article-title":"A systematic review of racial\/ethnic disparities in female pelvic floor disorders","volume":"163","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.954967","article-title":"Gender differences in the experience of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Windgassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00216.x","article-title":"A study of environmental and behavioural factors that may be associated with feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"45","author":"Cameron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.25270\/wmp.2021.11.3347","article-title":"Critical connections among embedding of childhood adversity and adult chronic gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders: a review of the literature","volume":"67","author":"Bryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Manag Prev"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000099890.35040.8d","article-title":"The historical origins of interstitial cystitis","volume":"171","author":"Parsons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61449-6_2","article-title":"Historical perspectives","author":"Meijlink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bladder Pain Syndrome\u2013An Evolution"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.06.112","article-title":"The role of glomerulations in bladder pain syndrome: a review","volume":"195","author":"Wennevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cont.2023.101056","article-title":"Summary of the 2023 report of the international consultation on incontinence interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) committee","volume":"8","author":"Hanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Continence"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000525849","article-title":"Is there a role for bladder biopsy in the diagnosis of non-Hunner lesions interstitial cystitis?","volume":"107","author":"Natale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12441","article-title":"Comparing surgical interventions for interstitial cystitis: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Abelleyra Lastoria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Low Urin Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.05.004","article-title":"Prodrome and non-prodrome phenotypes of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"118","author":"Warren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002640","article-title":"Pain severity ratings in the 11th revision of the international classification of diseases: a versatile tool for rapid assessment","volume":"163","author":"Hay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.036","article-title":"Pentosan polysulfate sodium for treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: insights from a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"193","author":"Nickel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1517195","article-title":"Living well with chronic pain: a classical grounded theory","volume":"42","author":"Lennox Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)36120-7","article-title":"The natural history of interstitial cystitis: a survey of 374 patients","volume":"149","author":"Koziol","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.10.013","article-title":"Before the onset of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome, the presence of multiple non-bladder syndromes is strongly associated with a history of multiple surgeries","volume":"76","author":"Warren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.40321","article-title":"The implications of mental health and trauma in interstitial cystitis","volume":"10","author":"Bendrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.09.010","article-title":"MMPI-2-RF characteristics of individuals with interstitial cystitis","volume":"77","author":"Fazio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.08.088","article-title":"The prevalence and overlap of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: results of the RAND interstitial cystitis epidemiology male study","volume":"189","author":"Suskind","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kax060","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and symptoms of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain research network study","volume":"52","author":"Schrepf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000536","article-title":"A multisystem, dimensional interplay of assets versus adversities: revised benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) in the context of childhood maltreatment, threat, and deprivation","volume":"35","author":"Narayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50200-7","article-title":"Feline lower urinary tract disorders: definition of terms and concepts","volume":"26","author":"Osborne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.09.1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15587955","article-title":"Risk factors for idiopathic cystitis in Norwegian cats: a matched case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Lund","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.03.582","article-title":"Risk factors for relinquishment of cats to an animal shelter","volume":"209","author":"Patronek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2752\/089279309X12538695316185","article-title":"Reasons for relinquishment and return of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) to rescue shelters in the UK","volume":"22","author":"Casey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19862887","article-title":"Recurrence rate and long-term course of cats with feline lower urinary tract disease","volume":"22","author":"Kaul","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X21990302","article-title":"Retrospective interview-based long-term follow-up study of cats diagnosed with idiopathic cystitis in 2003\u20132009","volume":"23","author":"Eggertsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.03.006","article-title":"Feline idiopathic cystitis: pathogenesis, histopathology and comparative potential","volume":"185","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000137953.49304.6c","article-title":"Comorbidity of interstitial cystitis with other unexplained clinical conditions","volume":"172","author":"Buffington","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.5.722","article-title":"Risk factors associated with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in indoor-housed cats","volume":"228","author":"Buffington","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.11.001","article-title":"Chronic lower urinary tract signs in cats: current understanding of pathophysiology and management","volume":"49","author":"Westropp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15032","article-title":"Serum cytokine profiling in cats with acute idiopathic cystitis","volume":"32","author":"Parys","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13174","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of selected serum and urine biomarkers in cats with interstitial and bacterial cystitis","volume":"52","author":"G\u00fclersoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2009.02.002","article-title":"Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression","volume":"29","author":"Dantzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.11.019","article-title":"Behaviour and welfare in relation to pathology","volume":"97","author":"Broom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2017.1317252","article-title":"Behavior and welfare of domestic cats housed in cages larger than US norm","author":"Stella","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Welf Sci"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.08.006","article-title":"Environmental factors that affect the behavior and welfare of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) housed in cages","volume":"160","author":"Stella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"B143","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of pentosan polysulfate sodium for treatment of feline interstitial (idiopathic) cystitis","volume-title":"2009 ACVIM Forum","author":"Chew","year":"2009"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15588934","article-title":"Efficacy of intravesical pentosan polysulfate sodium in cats with obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"18","author":"Delille","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13510918","article-title":"Intravesical glycosaminoglycans for obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B146","first-page":"186","article-title":"Individual and environmental effects on health and welfare","volume-title":"The Domestic Cat-the Biology of Its Behavior","author":"Stella","year":"2014"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15590867","article-title":"Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications","volume":"18","author":"Amat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.09.002","article-title":"Will a hiding box provide stress reduction for shelter cats?","volume":"160","author":"Vinke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211862","article-title":"Owner personality and the wellbeing of their cats share parallels with the parent-child relationship","volume":"14","author":"Finka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B150","first-page":"275","article-title":"Multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) for prevention and treatment of disease in cats: part 1","volume":"1","author":"Buffington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Feline Focus"},{"key":"B151","first-page":"311","article-title":"Multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) for prevention and treatment of disease in cats: part 2","volume":"1","author":"Buffington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Feline Focus"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56968-w","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Piyarungsri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/170\/2016-VETMED","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats","volume":"62","author":"Lew-Kojrys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.12.012","article-title":"Causes of lower urinary tract disease in Norwegian cats","volume":"13","author":"Saevik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17734067","article-title":"Epidemiological study of feline idiopathic cystitis in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.08.001","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical presentation of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"13","author":"Defauw","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1997.36003","article-title":"Elucidating the risk factors of feline urologic syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16643123","article-title":"Owner-reported lower urinary tract signs in a cohort of young cats","volume":"19","author":"Longstaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.032","article-title":"Sources of stress in captivity","volume":"102","author":"Morgan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13477537","article-title":"AAFP and ISFM feline environmental needs guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Ellis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3293-6_5","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis: animal models","author":"Ruggieri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Interstitial Cystitis"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1054\/tice.2001.0175","article-title":"Succession of events in desquamation of superficial urothelial cells as a response to stress induced by prolonged constant illumination","volume":"33","author":"Veranic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65247-9","article-title":"Stress-induced bladder mast cell activation: implications for interstitial cystitis","volume":"157","author":"Spanos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.03.009","article-title":"Early life adversity drives sex-specific anhedonia and meningeal immune gene expression through mast cell activation","volume":"103","author":"Duque-Wilckens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a039172","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a039172","article-title":"Sex differences in mast cell\u2013associated disorders: a life span perspective","volume":"14","author":"Mackey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G42","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00500.2004","article-title":"Repeated exposure to water avoidance stress in rats: a new model for sustained visceral hyperalgesia","volume":"289","author":"Bradesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98504-9","article-title":"Functional and histologic imaging of urinary bladder wall after exposure to psychological stress and protamine sulfate","volume":"11","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182976","article-title":"Effects of water avoidance stress on peripheral and central responses during bladder filling in the rat: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (MAPP) research network study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12809","article-title":"Social defeat models in animal science: what we have learned from rodent models","volume":"88","author":"Toyoda","year":"2017","journal-title":"An Sci J"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00247","article-title":"Voiding behavior and efferent bladder function altered in mice following social defeat but not witness trauma","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.11.004","article-title":"Preclinical models of chronic stress: adaptation or pathology?","volume":"94","author":"Radley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.259","article-title":"A novel method for chronic social defeat stress in female mice","volume":"43","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106374","article-title":"Multiple integrated social stress induces depressive-like behavioral and neural adaptations in female C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"190","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/35044558","article-title":"Neural consequences of environmental enrichment","volume":"1","author":"van Praag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1970","article-title":"Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Nithianantharajah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172997","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and its influence on rodent offspring and maternal behaviours, a scoping style review of indices of depression and anxiety","volume":"197","author":"Sparling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B177","author":"Ranaldi","year":""},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72992-3_10","article-title":"On the logic of animal umwelten: the animal subjective present and zoosemiotics of choice and learning","author":"Kull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semiotics of Animals in Culture: Zoosemiotics 2.0."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23530","article-title":"Voluntary wheel running attenuates urinary bladder hypersensitivity and dysfunction following neonatal maternal separation in female mice","volume":"37","author":"Pierce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24270","article-title":"Voluntary exercise improves voiding function and bladder hyperalgesia in an animal model of stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research network study","volume":"39","author":"Sanford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112796","article-title":"Exercise modulates neuronal activation in the micturition circuit of chronically stressed rats: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (MAPP) research network study","volume":"215","author":"Holschneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002178","article-title":"Voluntary wheel running improves outcomes in an early life stress\u2013induced model of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome in male mice","volume":"162","author":"Fuentes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-475","article-title":"The influence of the enriched environment in different periods on neonatal maternal separation-induced visceral pain, anxiousness, and depressive behaviors","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-476","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of postweaning exposure to an enriched environment on visceral pain and anxiety-and depression-like behaviors induced by neonatal maternal separation","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100639","article-title":"The influence of long-term housing in enriched environment on behavior of normal rats and subjected to neonatal pro-inflammatory challenge","volume":"30","author":"Pavlova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100590","article-title":"Environmental enrichment reverses stress-induced changes in the brain-gut axis to ameliorate chronic visceral and somatic hypersensitivity","volume":"28","author":"Orock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1227575","article-title":"The systemic effects of the enriched environment on the conditioned fear reaction","volume":"17","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020912867","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among women using the childhood trauma questionnaire: a worldwide meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05277-4","article-title":"Systematic review exploring the relationship between sexual abuse and lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"34","author":"Selai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1399","article-title":"Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate","volume":"225","author":"Nutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G885","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00463.2014","article-title":"Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of visceral pain: pathophysiology, translational relevance, and challenges","volume":"308","author":"Greenwood-Van Meerveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25702-5_6","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of stress-induced visceral pain","author":"Louwies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Visceral Pain"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cont.2022.100570","article-title":"The influence of maternal separation on the development of voiding and behavior in rat pups","volume":"5","author":"Kamijo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Continence"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25702-5_5","article-title":"Evidence of early life stress exposure and epigenetic modifications in functional chronic pain disorders","author":"Levasseur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Visceral Pain"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01519-z","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100711","article-title":"Pitfalls and potential: translating the two-hit model of early life stress from pre-clinical non-human experiments to human samples","volume":"35","author":"Kuhlman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2018.1476486","article-title":"What makes a chronic pelvic pain patient satisfied?","volume":"40","author":"Wygant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B198","volume-title":"All in Her Head\u2014the Truth and Lies Early Medicine Taught us About Women\u2019s Bodies and Why it Matters Today","author":"Comen","year":"2024"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-023-05677-0","article-title":"Believing women: a qualitative exploration of provider disbelief and pain dismissal among women with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome from the MAPP research network","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2631","article-title":"Chronic pelvic pain in women: a review","volume":"325","author":"Lamvu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002404","article-title":"Beyond pain, distress, and disability: the importance of social outcomes in pain management research and practice","volume":"163","author":"Ashton-James","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17355","article-title":"Gynaecological care of women with chronic pelvic pain: patient perspectives and care preferences","volume":"130","author":"Ross","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082706","article-title":"Satisfaction with social support received from social relationships in cases of chronic pain: the influence of personal network characteristics in terms of structure, composition and functional content","volume":"17","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2020.1785854","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of treatment needs in interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome: implications for intervention","volume":"4","author":"McKernan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Pain"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3109-2","article-title":"Important role of physicians in addressing psychological aspects of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS): a qualitative analysis","volume":"28","author":"Kanter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.19003","article-title":"Practices to foster physician presence and connection with patients in the clinical encounter","volume":"323","author":"Zulman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007407.pub4","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults","volume":"8","author":"de C Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.03.240","article-title":"Clinical phenotyping for pain mechanisms in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes: a MAPP research network study","author":"Schrepf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31693-7","article-title":"Gabapentin for chronic pelvic pain in women (GaPP2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Horne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.08.006","article-title":"Recent concepts in feline lower urinary tract disease","volume":"35","author":"Hostutler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B211","first-page":"2171","article-title":"Pandora syndrome (feline interstitia cystitis)","volume-title":"Ettinger\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","author":"Buffington","year":"2024"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00545-2","article-title":"The placebo and nocebo effects in functional urology","volume":"19","author":"Mostafaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.2017201","article-title":"A practical guide to recognize, assess, treat and evaluate (RATE) primary care patients with chronic pain","volume":"135","author":"Gebke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1223172","article-title":"Innovative treatment formats, technologies, and clinician trainings that improve access to behavioral pain treatment for youth and adults","volume":"4","author":"Darnall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001228","article-title":"Chronic pain patients low in social connectedness report higher pain and need deeper pressure for pain relief","volume":"23","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315648569","volume-title":"The New Psychology of Health: Unlocking the Social Cure","author":"Haslam","year":"2018"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2057602","article-title":"The group mechanism in treatment: group identification and cohesion contributes to reducing chronic lower back pain by increasing personal control","volume":"45","author":"Haslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2022.06.011","article-title":"Acceptability and feasibility of an intervention to enhance social group belonging: evidence from three trials of groups 4 health","volume":"53","author":"Cruwys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0829-6","article-title":"Emotional awareness and expression therapy for chronic pain: rationale, principles and techniques, evidence, and critical review","volume":"21","author":"Lumley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2333846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33846","article-title":"Reattribution to mind-brain processes and recovery from chronic back pain: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Ashar","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2669","article-title":"Effect of pain reprocessing therapy vs placebo and usual care for patients with chronic back pain: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Ashar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.15739\/irjpeh.23.010","article-title":"The effects of cognitive functional therapy in chronic pain management: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Trevlaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Res J Pub Environ Health"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny182","article-title":"The effects of a life stress emotional awareness and expression interview for women with chronic urogenital pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Carty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"B224","author":"Quigley","year":"2018"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.01.008","article-title":"The conserved transcriptional response to adversity","volume":"28","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002813","article-title":"Stimulated whole blood cytokine\/chemokine responses are associated with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome phenotypes and features of nociplastic pain: a MAPP research network study","volume":"164","author":"Schrepf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1119","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001119","article-title":"Night time heart rate predicts next-day pain in fibromyalgia and primary back pain","volume":"9","author":"Dudarev","year":"2024","journal-title":"PAIN Rep"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000360","article-title":"Meta-analytic evidence for decreased heart rate variability in chronic pain implicating parasympathetic nervous system dysregulation","volume":"157","author":"Tracy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0006","article-title":"Heart rate variability in patients with low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Bandeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.07.009","article-title":"Anesthetic bladder capacity is a clinical biomarker for interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome subtypes","volume":"158","author":"Plair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2024.1405488\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:12:36Z","timestamp":1715231556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2024.1405488\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":230,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2024.1405488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2024.1405488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-561X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"article-number":"1405488"}}