{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:14:48Z","timestamp":1791688488958,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited knowledge exists on recognition and treatment of equine abdominal pain in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed at finding indicators for recognizing abdominal pain, evaluating responses to clinical and behavioral changes, and assessing the impact of timely referral on colic outcomes in a suburban region of Senegal. The final goal was to identify factors that may be leveraged to improve the outcome of horses presented for abdominal pain in Senegal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective, observational cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 26 foals and 40 adult horses referred for acute abdomen between 2013 and 2014 and the first semester of 2023 were reviewed. Signs of abdominal pain were grouped into behavioral, posture modification and animal interactions with the environment. Time to referral was defined as the time between the recognition of abdominal pain and referral. The association of time to referral and the outcome was calculated for each subpopulation and compared using logistic regression analysis as appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant proportion of owners (47%) and veterinarians (77.8%) relied on behavioral changes to detect abdominal pain in foals. Most owners referred foals within 24\u2005h, while veterinarians referred within 12\u2005h. Mortality in foals exceeded 50% when referral was delayed by 12\u2005h or more. In adult horses, groomers often were the first noticing behavioral changes (79%), and they referred the horse within three hours, whereas owners typically delayed referral for 24\u2005h or longer, leading to increased hospitalization expenses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study considered a limited cohort in an suburban area of Senegal. Sourcing complete data was challenging. Additionally, accurately assessing owner experience was difficult due to the participant group's heterogeneity. Absence of a reliable system to measure daily horse-owner interaction time and logistical challenges in the abdominal pain symptom alert chain were also limiting factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early detection is critical for positive colic outcomes in both foals and adult horses. Therefore, raising awareness and providing training to horse owners for prompt recognition of symptoms and referral is essential. This proactive approach aims to improve overall outcomes and reduce the financial burden of equine hospitalization in Senegal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2024.1429849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T05:19:44Z","timestamp":1725513584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early recognition of pain: improving colic outcomes in horses in Senegal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"B. O. F-X. V.","family":"Laleye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Seye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Chiavaccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The Economic Contribution of Working Equids in Senegal","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S1014233900000869","article-title":"Le cheval mbayar dans la partie centrale du bassin arachidier s\u00e9n\u00e9galais","volume":"20","author":"Dehoux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim Genet Resour Inf"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.05.001","article-title":"Field triage of the neonatal foal","volume":"30","author":"Carr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1006408522233","article-title":"A retrospective evaluation of the causes of death of 448 insured French horses in 1995","volume":"24","author":"Leblond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003222","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm003222","article-title":"Effects of total parenteral nutrition associated with glutamine, enteral fluid therapy with or without glutamine, and fluid therapy on the acid-base and electrolyte balance of horses starved after exploratory laparotomy","volume":"44","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0160-9","article-title":"Prospective study of the primary evaluation of 1016 horses with clinical signs of abdominal pain by veterinary practitioners, and the differentiation of critical and non-critical cases","volume":"57","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.030","article-title":"Systematic pain assessment in horses","volume":"209","author":"de Grauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-0739(17)30237-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnostic techniques for horses with colic","volume":"13","author":"Fischer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2006.02.008","article-title":"A farm-based prospective study of equine colic incidence and associated risk factors","volume":"26","author":"Mehdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13173","article-title":"Horse owners\u2019 knowledge and opinions on recognizing colic in the horse","volume":"52","author":"Bowden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003022","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm003022","article-title":"Survey on the recognition, attitudes, and experience of horse owners during episodes of equine colic in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2045-0648.2012.00176.x","article-title":"Meconium impaction in the equine neonate","volume":"27","author":"Burbidge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. 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