{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:40:18Z","timestamp":1756356018765,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of ultrasound (US)-guided superior cervical ganglion (SCG) block in conjunction with standard triptan in the management of migraine attacks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 243 subjects who received an adjunctive US-guided SCG block alongside triptan for a migraine attack were enrolled as the SCG cohort. A 1:1 propensity score based on baseline covariates was used to match 243 cases who received triptan alone as the control. The primary endpoints were pain relief and freedom from pain within 24\u2005h after the procedure. Secondary outcomes included headache relief and freedom from pain within 2\u2005h, monthly migraine days (MMDs), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) scores, Migraine-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire (MSQ) scores, and adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rates of pain relief and freedom from pain at 24\u2005h after the block were increased in the SCG cases compared to the controls {73.3% vs. 49.4%, with mean difference [MD] of 23.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 15.5%\u201329.0%] and 64.2% vs. 37.4%, with MD\u2009=\u200926.7% [95% CI: 18.2%\u201331.3%], respectively}. Superiority was met, as the 95% CI fell within the superiority margin of 15%. Higher rates of pain relief and freedom from pain at 2\u2005h following the procedure were reported in the SCG cohort (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). At the 1-month follow-up, the SCG cohort had a greater improvement in MMDs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), MIDAS scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040), and MSQ scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036). There were no severe adverse events in the SCG group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>US-guided SCG block with triptan was superior to triptan alone in achieving headache remission during a migraine attack for up to 24\u2005h, resulting in reduced migraine days and improved functional ability and life quality at the 1-month follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2025.1556654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:12:32Z","timestamp":1756354352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasound-guided block of the superior cervical ganglion for migraine attacks: a propensity score-matched retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wenxing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Migraine Headache","author":"Pescador Ruschel","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000543086","article-title":"Prevalence of migraine and other types of primary headache in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-01990-9","article-title":"The burden of migraine and tension-type headache in Asia from 1990 to 2021","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07372-4","article-title":"Instrumental assessment of pressure pain threshold over trigeminal and extra-trigeminal area in people with episodic and chronic migraine: a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"45","author":"Deodato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","article-title":"Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing","volume":"97","author":"Goadsby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069669574","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241252666","article-title":"International Headache Society global practice recommendations for the acute pharmacological treatment of migraine","volume":"44","author":"Puledda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14537","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block for the treatment of migraine in elderly patients: a retrospective and observational study","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2006000400006","article-title":"Effects of cervical sympathectomy on vasospasm induced by meningeal haemorrhage in rabbits","volume":"64","author":"de Souza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2024-214272","article-title":"Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) block for symptomatic relief of acute migraine","volume":"41","author":"Jaconelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40981-023-00613-z","article-title":"Safety and utility of ultrasound-guided superior cervical ganglion block for headaches and orofacial pain: a retrospective, single-center study of 10 patients","volume":"9","author":"Maeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"JA Clin Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"12","author":"von Elm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"78","article-title":"Medical treatment guidelines for acute migraine attacks","volume":"26","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"WHO Analgesic Ladder","author":"Anekar","year":"2025"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen103","article-title":"Assessment of pain","volume":"101","author":"Breivik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01378-5","article-title":"Monthly migraine days, tablet utilization, and quality of life associated with rimegepant\u2014post hoc results from an open label safety study (BHV3000-201)","volume":"23","author":"Johnston","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069661163","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241261077","article-title":"Minimal important difference of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS): longitudinal data from the DMKG headache registry","volume":"44","author":"Ruscheweyh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.suppl_1.S20","article-title":"Development and testing of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to assess headache-related disability","volume":"56","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14874","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change of the Arabic version of the Migraine-Specific Quality-of-Life questionnaire after prophylactic treatment","volume":"65","author":"Hussein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-019-0138-x","article-title":"Content validity of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire version 2.1 electronic patient-reported outcome","volume":"3","author":"Speck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12601","article-title":"Triptans in the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Cameron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000060893.72098.80","article-title":"Cervical sympathetic block to reverse delayed ischemic neurological deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"34","author":"Treggiari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei230","article-title":"Effects of stellate ganglion block on cerebral haemodynamics as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"95","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2006.03.011","article-title":"Ganglionic local opioid application (GLOA) for treatment of chronic headache and facial pain","volume":"31","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12546","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study for repetitive sphenopalatine blockade with bupivacaine vs. saline with the Tx360 device for treatment of chronic migraine","volume":"55","author":"Cady","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20023","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020023","article-title":"Bilateral stellate ganglion block for migraine: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Moon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01622-8","article-title":"Real-time ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block for migraine: an observational study","volume":"22","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2019-0096","article-title":"Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block under ultrasound guidance promotes recovery of abducens nerve palsy caused by microvascular ischemia","volume":"20","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2025.1556654\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:12:33Z","timestamp":1756354353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2025.1556654\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2025.1556654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2025.1556654","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-561X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"article-number":"1556654"}}