{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:25:56Z","timestamp":1781223956519,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low back pain is difficult to study due to its heterogeneity. Inducing back pain experimentally, with an established model such as heat-capsaicin, would beneficially control for some variability. How heat-capsaicin affects neurophysiological factors relevant to back pain is currently unknown, therefore, this study used a randomized crossover design with the aim to explore the differences between heat-capsaicin and placebo on brain activity and blood markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>18 healthy participants completed two sessions: heat-capsaicin (45\u00b0C heat\u2009+\u2009capsaicin) and placebo (reduced heat\u2009+\u2009placebo). Pre- and post-pain-induction\/placebo, electroencephalogram and blood draws were taken, and perceived pain was rated with a 100\u2005m visual analog scale. Band power was calculated for theta (4\u20138\u2005Hz), alpha (8\u201313\u2005Hz), beta (13\u201330\u2005Hz), gamma1 (30\u201358\u2005Hz), and gamma2 (62\u2013100\u2005Hz) for six brain regions. An immune assay was run on plasma in duplicate for cytokines IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF\u03b1. A repeated measures ANCOVA was run for all variables comparing between conditions (heat-capsaicin, placebo) with baseline measures as covariates. A Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between perceived pain ratings and brain wave and blood biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The heat-capsaicin model induced transient mild to moderate pain which was significantly higher than placebo (24.50 vs. 0.39; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Brain wave and blood biomarkers were not significantly different between heat-capsaicin and placebo (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.05) or correlated to perceived pain ratings (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.15).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of perceived pain did not relate to neurophysiological changes that may occur immediately after heat-capsaicin exposure. Although changes have been found with other pain models and clinical low back pain, a statistically significant systematic response was not measurable using blood cytokine markers immediately after pain induction and may take longer to develop.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2025.1621810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:26:29Z","timestamp":1757568389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is there a difference between heat-capsaicin induced low back pain and placebo for neural oscillations and inflammatory blood markers? 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