{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:02:41Z","timestamp":1773820961078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic (AB) therapy is standard in managing combat-related infections, particularly after traumatic limb amputations. However, prolonged or combined antibiotic regimens may contribute to neuroinflammatory processes that predispose patients to chronic post-amputation pain (ChPAP), which combines the consepts of chronic residual limb pain (RLP) and phantom limb pain (PLP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate associations between antibiotic use (duration, type, and combination) and the development of RLP and PLP in post-amputation military patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study evaluated 212 military personnel treated between 2022 and 2024 for traumatic amputations. Antibiotic regimens, pain intensity, type, and chronicity were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic RLP\/PLP developed in 94 patients (44.3%). Prolonged antibiotic use (&amp;gt;21 days) and combined regimens (\u22652 antibiotics) were) were related with increased ChPAP risk in limbs Neuropathic pain was predominant in patients exposed to fluoroquinolones or metronidazole.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extended and multi-agent antibiotic therapy was associated with ChPAP after combat-related limb amputation. Personalized antimicrobial stewardship and early pain screening are recommended in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2026.1715446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:01:28Z","timestamp":1773817288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic therapy as a risk factor for chronic residual and phantom limb pain after combat-related amputation: a 212-patient cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kateryna","family":"Ksenchyna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pirogov Memorial Medical University","place":["Vinnytsya, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleh","family":"Ksenchyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pirogov Memorial Medical University","place":["Vinnytsya, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Nazarchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pirogov Memorial Medical University","place":["Vinnytsya, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmytro","family":"Dmytriiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pirogov Memorial Medical University","place":["Vinnytsya, Ukraine"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2021.05.0032","article-title":"Development of overuse musculoskeletal conditions after combat-related upper limb amputation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Cancio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Phantom Limb Pain","author":"Hanyu-Deutmeyer","year":"2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231168150","article-title":"Evolving techniques for reducing phantom limb pain","volume":"248","author":"Kuffler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240431","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Limakatso","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12881","article-title":"Protective and risk factors for phantom limb pain and residual limb pain severity","volume":"20","author":"M\u00fcnger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"E941","article-title":"Current understanding of phantom pain and its treatment","volume":"25","author":"Culp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2020.08.002","article-title":"Reconstructive amputations of the foot","volume":"38","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348231177947","article-title":"Traumatic amputations treated in US emergency departments: a review of the NEISS database","volume":"89","author":"Sadoma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-024-01530-1","article-title":"Majoramputationen der unteren extremit\u00e4t","volume":"128","author":"Schr\u00f6ter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Deleted Journal"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02441-z","article-title":"Effects of phantom exercises on pain, mobility, and quality of life among lower limb amputees; 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