{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:09:10Z","timestamp":1793660950200,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthopedic and musculoskeletal pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and many patients continue to experience suboptimal relief despite advances in pharmacological and physical therapies. Magnetic field\u2013based interventions, including pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) and repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS), have emerged as non-invasive approaches for pain modulation and functional improvement. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-intensity (PEMF) and high-intensity (rPMS) magnetic field therapies in adults with musculoskeletal conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials published between 2015 and 2025 were identified through searches in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies compared PEMF or rPMS with sham, placebo, or standard care and reported outcomes related to pain intensity, functional performance, and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Most included studies reported reductions in pain and improvements in functional outcomes, including the Oswestry Disability Index and WOMAC. No serious adverse events were reported. PEMF was primarily linked to sustained analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas rPMS showed faster pain reduction, likely related to neuromuscular activation and modulation of descending inhibitory pathways. Some studies reported greater benefits using higher stimulation intensities or combining therapy with exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic field therapies appear to be safe and well tolerated, with potential benefits for pain and function for the management of musculoskeletal pain. Their complementary mechanisms suggest potential clinical synergy; however, larger and more standardized trials are needed to establish optimal protocols and long-term effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251170876<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , PROSPERO CRD420251170876.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2026.1760721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:41:24Z","timestamp":1777527684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and safety of low- and high-intensity magnetic field therapies for orthopedic pain: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ludimila Dias","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopain Pain Institute","place":["An\u00e1polis, GO, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelington Dias","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopain Pain Institute","place":["An\u00e1polis, GO, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jobson Dias","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopain Pain Institute","place":["An\u00e1polis, GO, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielly Santos","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychobiology and Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG)","place":["Alfenas, MG, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Louren\u00e7o","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuromodulation and Study of Pain (LANNED), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG)","place":["Alfenas, MG, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa054","article-title":"Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on pain, stiffness, physical function, and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435277","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1435277","article-title":"The effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on muscle strength and pain in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24172","article-title":"Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field promotes the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199311","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in peripheral nerve regeneration. 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