{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:57:42Z","timestamp":1777636662703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To compare the effects of specific core muscle training modalities\u2014core stability training, sling exercise therapy (SET), Pilates, and breathing training\u2014vs. non-core-training controls on pain and function in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Thirty-three RCTs involving 1,757 patients were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis in RevMan, with subgroup analyses by training type, mode, and duration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Core stability training significantly reduced pain (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.95, 95% CI: \u22121.35 to \u22120.55) and improved function (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.09, 95% CI: \u22121.63 to \u22120.55), despite high heterogeneity (\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200993%\u201395%).For pain relief, SET (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.43) and Pilates (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.48) showed the strongest effects, followed by breathing training (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.75); conventional core stability training was less effective (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.36). For functional improvement, SET (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22122.60) and combined interventions (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.07) outperformed single training. Short-term (&lt;8 weeks) SET yielded prominent benefits, while long-term (\u22658 weeks) breathing training sustained effects.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Core muscle training alleviates pain and enhances function in CNLBP. SET and Pilates offer notable short-term analgesia, whereas combined interventions improve function more effectively. Clinical protocols should be individualized, and future studies must standardize parameters and examine multimodal synergies.<\/jats:p>\n \n Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:bold>\n : identifier: CRD420251031252.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2026.1804665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1777441931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of different core muscle training on pain and function in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, 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