{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:14:07Z","timestamp":1788340447057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic pain (CP) is a major public health concern in the United States, with healthcare costs exceeding $700 billion. Beyond its\u2019 economic burden, CP imposes significant physical, emotional, and functional strain, particularly among populations that are disproportionately affected by pain (i.e., older adults, people with HIV, racial and gender minorities). Despite growing trends in pain research, there remains no consensus on optimal pain management or the mechanisms underlying pain exacerbation. Therefore, this review highlights key risk (e.g., sociodemographic determinants of health, clinical co-morbidities) and protective (e.g., resilience, spirituality, complementary approaches, lifestyle) factors that shape pain experiences and influence trajectories of healthy aging. This manuscript will integrate both risk and resilience promoting factors to inform intervention development, clinical practice, and policy. We discuss intersectionality, defined as the interaction of multiple social identities, as well as its influence on pain and aging trajectories over time. Lastly, we propose a framework that integrates intersectionality and resilience to improve pain outcomes among aging adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2026.1885948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:19:16Z","timestamp":1788337156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding risk and protective factors for pain and healthy aging: an intersectional and resilience-based perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Joanna M.","family":"Hobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Florida","place":["Gainesville, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indonesia A.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor L.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, AL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised international association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.04.006","article-title":"The silent epidemic of chronic pain in older adults","volume":"93","author":"Domenichiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.10.002","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: causes and consequences of unequal care","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182662215","article-title":"Pain, mood, and substance abuse in HIV: implications for clinic visit utilization, ART adherence, and virologic failure","volume":"61","author":"Merlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.1903654","article-title":"Stimulant use for self-management of pain among safety-net patients with chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"43","author":"Beliveau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-017-9889-x","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and sleep efficiency sequentially mediate racial differences in temporal summation of mechanical pain","volume":"51","author":"Bulls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.08.007","article-title":"The association of sleep and pain: an update and a path forward","volume":"14","author":"Finan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845513","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.845513","article-title":"Exploring the experiences of co-morbid pain and depression in older African American women and their preferred management strategies","volume":"3","author":"Drazich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0190","article-title":"Resilience as a protective factor in face of pain symptomatology, disability and psychological outcomes in adult chronic pain populations: a scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Chng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health","volume":"17","author":"Turan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","article-title":"Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color","volume":"43","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stanford Law Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104608","article-title":"Social determinants and consequences of pain: toward multilevel, intersectional, and life course perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Kapos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-010-0095-9","article-title":"Resilience: a new paradigm for adaptation to chronic pain","volume":"14","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The world report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736688","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.736688","article-title":"Chronic pain in the elderly: mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Dagnino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104614","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of chronic pain among a nationally representative sample of older adults in the United States","volume":"25","author":"LaRowe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2018.10.003","article-title":"Daily factors driving daily substance use and chronic pain among older adults with HIV: an exploratory study using ecological momentary assessment","volume":"77","author":"Kuerbis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B18","author":"Tamargo","year":"2025"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00200-5","article-title":"Dietary interventions for treatment of chronic pain: oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Kaushik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-022-07083-6","article-title":"Pain, depressive symptoms, and self-efficacy for pain management: examination in African-American women with breast cancer","volume":"30","author":"Vilardaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0330-2","article-title":"The role of positive traits and pain catastrophizing in pain perception","volume":"17","author":"Pulvers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.07.005","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic disparities in disabling chronic pain: findings from the health and retirement study","volume":"18","author":"Janevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab207","article-title":"Racial-ethnic disparities in pain intensity and interference among middle-aged and older U.S. Adults","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2023-0032","article-title":"Addressing chronic pain disparities between black and white people: a narrative review of socio-ecological determinants","volume":"13","author":"Pham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30604-0","article-title":"The impact of chronic pain on the health of black and white men","volume":"102","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031592","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination, but not mistrust of medical researchers, predicts the heat pain tolerance of African Americans with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Goodin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.08.004","article-title":"The association between racialized discrimination in health care and pain among black patients with mental health diagnoses","volume":"25","author":"Hammett","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506231167928","article-title":"Having less than others is physically painful: income rank and pain around the world","volume":"15","author":"Macchia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516047113","article-title":"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites","volume":"113","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118011","article-title":"Race and gender disparities in pain treatment and opioid prescribing","volume":"374","author":"Torres","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259582221077941","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582221077941","article-title":"Intersectional HIV and chronic pain stigma: implications for mood, sleep, and pain severity","volume":"21","author":"Hobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637231188583","article-title":"Intersectionality as a theoretical framework for researching health inequities in chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"Macgregor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2018.05.006","article-title":"Sex differences in pain responses","volume":"6","author":"Sorge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S248424","article-title":"Sex and gender are not the same: why identity is important for people living with HIV and chronic pain","volume":"13","author":"Strath","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2022.06.013","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in pain","volume":"164","author":"Osborne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2025.844665","article-title":"Pain thresholds in elderly individuals: a cross-sectional observational study of the influence of gender and chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"75","author":"Gouv\u00eaa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.10.027","article-title":"Gender differences in pain threshold, unpleasantness, and descending pain modulatory activation across the adult life span: a cross sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Failla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2021.05.004","article-title":"Income as a predictor of self-efficacy for managing pain and for coping with symptoms among chronic low back pain patients","volume":"44","author":"Whitley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25468","article-title":"Barriers to total joint arthroplasty: a comparison of high-poverty and low-poverty communities","volume":"77","author":"Gibbons","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08007-7","article-title":"Association of neighborhood-level disadvantage beyond individual sociodemographic factors in patients with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Peoples","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59867\/001c.137645","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities during in-patient pain management after total knee replacement","volume":"3","author":"Alcaide","year":"2025","journal-title":"JNHMA"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.06.022","article-title":"Neighborhood environment in studies of health of older adults","volume":"37","author":"Yen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1902936","article-title":"The global task force for chronic pain in people with HIV (PWH): developing a research agenda in an emerging field","volume":"35","author":"Merlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12052","article-title":"A conceptual framework for understanding chronic pain in patients with HIV","volume":"14","author":"Merlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"120","article-title":"Chronic pain in patients with HIV infection: what clinicians need to know","volume":"23","author":"Merlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s12126-018-9333-y","article-title":"A biopsychosocial approach to managing HIV-related pain and associated substance abuse in older adults: a review","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Int"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.498872","article-title":"Highly stressed: stressful and traumatic experiences among individuals with HIV\/AIDS in the deep south","volume":"23","author":"Reif","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S395","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306713","article-title":"Punishing vulnerability through HIV criminalization","volume":"112","author":"Bernard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-022-00527-w","article-title":"HIV related stigma associated with social support, alcohol use disorders, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Armoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2019.1688395","article-title":"Substance use, intimate partner violence, history of incarceration and vulnerability to HIV among young black men who have sex with men in a southern US city","volume":"23","author":"Maiorana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","article-title":"\u201cWeathering\u201d and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Geronimus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x","article-title":"Stress, adaptation, and disease: allostasis and allostatic load","volume":"840","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.62.e50705","article-title":"Painful sleep: insomnia in patients with chronic pain syndrome and its consequences","volume":"62","author":"Ostovar-Kermani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106158","article-title":"Why sleep matters in chronic pain: evidence across the lifespan","volume":"125","author":"Kelleher","year":"2026","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002077","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perceptions of the pathways linking chronic pain with problematic substance use","volume":"162","author":"Wyse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250003","DOI":"10.20900\/jpbs.20250003","article-title":"Chronic pain and substance use disorders: a brief narrative review of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental contributions to comorbidity","volume":"10","author":"Villela","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Brain Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003033","article-title":"Health care costs and opioid use associated with high-impact chronic spinal pain in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Herman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"143","article-title":"Opioids and HIV infection: from pain management to addiction treatment","volume":"25","author":"Cunningham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.103510","article-title":"Black American older adults\u2019 motivation to engage in osteoarthritis treatment recommendations for pain self-management: a mixed methods study","volume":"116","author":"Booker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001241","article-title":"Sources of opioid medication for misuse in older adults: results from a nationally representative survey","volume":"159","author":"Schepis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1134\/S2079057020010142","article-title":"Stress-induced pathology and accelerated aging","volume":"10","author":"Torgashov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Gerontol"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Torrico","year":"2026"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1876838","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and risky opioid use among persons living with HIV and chronic pain","volume":"35","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00164","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with chronic pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Siqveland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637231202078","article-title":"Is post-traumatic stress disorder a risk factor for development of opioid use disorder among individuals with chronic non-cancer pain? A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Kendurkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-008-9134-2","article-title":"Trauma and psychosocial predictors of substance abuse in women impacted by HIV\/AIDS","volume":"36","author":"Myers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.005","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain are associated with opioid use disorder: results from a 2012\u20132013 American nationally representative survey","volume":"188","author":"Bilevicius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5595","article-title":"Prevalence of pain and its association with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and distress in 846 cancer patients: a cross sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Unseld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-026-07117-2","article-title":"Pain, post-traumatic stress, and sleep disturbance in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a path analysis of the mediating effect of depression and social support","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.2","article-title":"Pain, catastrophizing, and depression in the rheumatic diseases","volume":"7","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001269","article-title":"Does pain catastrophizing and distress intolerance mediate the relationship between PTSD and prescribed opioid misuse in people with chronic noncancer pain?","volume":"15","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1581793","article-title":"Associations between pain catastrophizing and clinical characteristics in adults with substance use disorders and co-occurring chronic pain","volume":"45","author":"Kneeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21m14116","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14116","article-title":"The economic burden of posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States from a societal perspective","volume":"83","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1002\/ajhb.22943","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22943","article-title":"Early life trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and allostatic load in a sample of American Indian adults","volume":"29","author":"Thayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlac001","article-title":"Associations between allostatic load and posttraumatic stress disorder: a scoping review","volume":"47","author":"Carbone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.02.286","article-title":"The association between pain-specific resilience and temporal summation of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis differs according to their annual household incomes","volume":"24","author":"Boparai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac079","article-title":"Profiles of risk and resilience in chronic pain: loneliness, social support, mindfulness, and optimism coming out of the first pandemic year","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0329-8","article-title":"Optimism and the experience of pain: benefits of seeing the glass as half full","volume":"17","author":"Goodin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2025.2465656","article-title":"Moderating role of social support in the relationship between pain and health-related quality of life among people living with HIV: a cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Onu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12799","article-title":"Chronic pain in HIV-infected patients: relationship to depression, substance use, and mental health and pain treatment","volume":"16","author":"Uebelacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02046","article-title":"Pain-specific resilience in people living with HIV and chronic pain: beneficial associations with coping strategies and catastrophizing","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9124509","DOI":"10.1155\/prm\/9124509","article-title":"Chronic overlapping pain and central sensitization in chronic pelvic pain: do positive and negative affect play a role?","volume":"2026","author":"Palit","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1515470","article-title":"Resilience and HIV: a review of the definition and study of resilience","volume":"30","author":"Dulin","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/15427609.2021.1958604","article-title":"Multisystem resilience: pathways to an integrated framework","volume":"18","author":"Masten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Hum Dev"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01997","article-title":"The relationship between spirituality, health-related behavior, and psychological well-being","volume":"11","author":"Bo\u017cek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.4081\/hpr.2013.e29","article-title":"Spirituality and religion in pain and pain management","volume":"1","author":"Dedeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0040","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the relationships among race, prayer, and pain","volume":"18","author":"Meints","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9348-2","article-title":"Prayer and pain: the mediating role of positive re-appraisal","volume":"34","author":"Dezutter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-022-01709-z","article-title":"Are prayer-based interventions effective pain management options? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"62","author":"Jarego","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31436\/imjm.v17i2.277","article-title":"The comparative effects of listening to prayer recitation and music therapy intraoperatively on postoperative pain","volume":"17","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"IIUM Med J Malays"},{"key":"B91","year":""},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002416","article-title":"Yoga for treating low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Anheyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111905","article-title":"The effect of meditation, mindfulness, and yoga in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Slagter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4297\/najms.2011.320","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction: a non-pharmacological approach for chronic illnesses","volume":"3","author":"Niazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01119-0","article-title":"Meditation as an adjunct to the management of acute pain","volume":"27","author":"Wipplinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000886","article-title":"Mindfulness-based analgesia or placebo effect? The development and evaluation of a sham mindfulness intervention for acute experimental pain","volume":"83","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Sci Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15307","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2542-15.2015","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief employs different neural mechanisms than placebo and sham mindfulness meditation-induced analgesia","volume":"35","author":"Zeidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5791-10.2011","article-title":"Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation","volume":"31","author":"Zeidan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12883","article-title":"A brief mindfulness meditation training increases pain threshold and accelerates modulation of response to tonic pain in an experimental study","volume":"17","author":"Reiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"B100","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2021"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105318769355","article-title":"Positive affect skills may improve pain management in people with HIV","volume":"25","author":"Addington","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434711","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2024.2434711","article-title":"Promoting a foundation of resilience in older adults: pilot trial of a strengths-based positive psychology intervention for chronic low back pain","volume":"12","author":"Bartley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Psychol Behav Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnac010","article-title":"A community health worker-led positive psychology intervention for African American older adults with chronic pain","volume":"62","author":"Janevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01932","article-title":"Multisystem resiliency as a predictor of physical and psychological functioning in older adults with chronic low back pain","volume":"10","author":"Bartley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa070","article-title":"The impact of music on nociceptive processing","volume":"21","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000031","article-title":"Pilot trial of an expressive writing intervention with HIV-positive methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men","volume":"29","author":"Carrico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000507","article-title":"Why do brief online writing interventions improve health? Examining mediators of expressive writing and self-affirmation intervention efficacy among sexual minority emerging adults","volume":"10","author":"Chaudoir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-017-0621-9","article-title":"Music as an adjunct to opioid-based analgesia","volume":"13","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18537","DOI":"10.2196\/18537","article-title":"A brief music app to address pain in the emergency department: prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.11.5.338","article-title":"Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing","volume":"11","author":"Baikie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-019-0449-y","article-title":"Expressive writing as a therapeutic intervention for people with advanced disease: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Kupeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2415842","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.15842","article-title":"Emotional awareness and expression therapy vs cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain in older veterans: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Yarns","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03413-7","article-title":"Pilot randomized trial of an expressive writing intervention to reduce sexual HIV-transmission risk and substance use among emerging adult gay and bisexual men","volume":"26","author":"Wells","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101488","article-title":"Exposure to trauma, PTSD and persistent pain in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100101","article-title":"The neurobiology of social stress resulting from racism: implications for pain disparities among racialized minorities","volume":"12","author":"Hobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Pain"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1889953","article-title":"Insomnia severity and depressive symptoms in people living with HIV and chronic pain: associations with opioid use","volume":"34","author":"Cody","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-013-9095-9","article-title":"\u201cEvery shut eye, ain\u2019t sleep\u201d: the role of racism-related vigilance in racial\/ethnic disparities in sleep difficulty","volume":"5","author":"Hicken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Race Soc Probl"},{"key":"B118","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1885948\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:19:19Z","timestamp":1788337159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1885948\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2026.1885948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1885948","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-561X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"article-number":"1885948"}}