{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:59:18Z","timestamp":1785308358682,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013840\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013840\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pain Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New-onset chronic pain is a common and debilitating symptom of Long COVID (LC) that remains not fully understood in terms of pathophysiology and therapeutic targets. A growing body of evidence in chronic pain syndromes similar to LC demonstrates an association between EEG alpha oscillatory activity and the experience of pain, with clinical studies showing maladaptive changes, particularly a slowing of alpha activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate the association between EEG alpha oscillatory activity and pain perception in new-onset LC-chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 31 individuals (20 females) with a clinical diagnosis of LC reporting new-onset chronic pain and 31 healthy pain-free age- and sex-matched controls. Participants completed questionnaires regarding symptoms and psychological functioning prior to recording eyes-open resting-state EEG. Peak alpha frequency (PAF) and alpha band (8\u201313\u2005Hz) spectral power were extracted from EEG signals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower PAF over the posterior scalp region was significantly associated with higher LC-chronic pain severity when controlling for age, depression and the use of centrally acting medication. This finding was consistent across PAF estimation methods. No differences in PAF were observed between the LC patient group and the healthy pain-free control group. Alpha power did not differ between groups and was not associated with pain severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these findings suggest that PAF may index individual differences in pain severity within LC-associated chronic pain, although the absence of overall patient-control differences indicates that PAF should not be interpreted as a disease-specific biomarker and warrants further longitudinal research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2026.1893610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:02:22Z","timestamp":1785304942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peak alpha frequency is associated with pain severity in Long COVID patients with new-onset chronic pain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Silva-Passadouro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Khoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Madinah Health Cluster, Madinah","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Casson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Delis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Sivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"National Demonstration Centre in Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","place":["Leeds, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","article-title":"Global prevalence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP classification of chronic pain for the international classification of diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002496","article-title":"Time course prevalence of post-COVID pain symptoms of musculoskeletal origin in patients who had survived severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13277","article-title":"Consistency of inconsistency in long-COVID-19 pain symptoms persistency: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Kerzhner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S365026","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain in long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Khoja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762","article-title":"The prevalence and long-term health effects of long COVID among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"O'Mahoney","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMed"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e071050","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071050","article-title":"Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 six to 12 months after infection: population based study","volume":"379","author":"Peter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e989","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002564","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal pain symptoms as long-term post-COVID sequelae in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a multicenter study","volume":"163","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00542","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00542-2020","article-title":"Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome?","volume":"6","author":"Go\u00ebrtz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-021-00423-z","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 symptom burden: what is long-COVID and how should we manage it?","volume":"199","author":"Sykes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054049","article-title":"Pain and clinical presentation: a cross-sectional study of patients with new-onset chronic pain in long-COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Calvache-Mateo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071538","article-title":"Understanding sensitization, cognitive and neuropathic associated mechanisms behind post-COVID pain: a network analysis","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102562","article-title":"Phenotyping post-COVID pain as a nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic pain condition","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S466294","article-title":"Clinical characterization of new-onset chronic musculoskeletal pain in long COVID: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Khoja","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1657","article-title":"The prevalence and location of musculoskeletal pain following COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Mills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101363","article-title":"Sleep quality mediates the effect of sensitization-associated symptoms, anxiety, and depression on quality of life in individuals with post-COVID-19 pain","volume":"12","author":"Pacho-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002711","article-title":"A comparison of pain, fatigue, and function between post-COVID-19 condition, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: a survey study","volume":"164","author":"Haider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12091940","article-title":"New-onset chronic musculoskeletal pain following COVID-19 infection fulfils the fibromyalgia clinical syndrome criteria: a preliminary study","volume":"12","author":"Khoja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0281593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281593","article-title":"The possible onset of fibromyalgia following acute COVID-19 infection","volume":"18","author":"Savin","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001735","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001735","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: a new facet of the post-COVID-19 syndrome spectrum? Results from a web-based survey","volume":"7","author":"Ursini","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002324","article-title":"Chronic nociplastic pain affecting the musculoskeletal system: clinical criteria and grading system","volume":"162","author":"Kosek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405277450","article-title":"Thalamic mechanisms of EEG alpha rhythms and their pathological implications","volume":"11","author":"Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.12.001","article-title":"Brain rhythms of pain","volume":"21","author":"Ploner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002825","article-title":"Resting-state electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography as biomarkers of chronic pain: a systematic review","volume":"164","author":"Zebhauser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S50919","article-title":"Altered resting state EEG in chronic pancreatitis patients: toward a marker for chronic pain","volume":"6","author":"De Vries","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh631","article-title":"Increased EEG power and slowed dominant frequency in patients with neurogenic pain","volume":"129","author":"Sarnthein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00111","article-title":"Increased low-and high-frequency oscillatory activity in the prefrontal cortex of fibromyalgia patients","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12043","article-title":"Peak individual alpha frequency qualifies as a stable neurophysiological trait marker in healthy younger and older adults","volume":"50","author":"Grandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.059","article-title":"Individual alpha peak frequency is related to latent factors of general cognitive abilities","volume":"79","author":"Grandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.007","article-title":"The speed of alpha-band oscillations predicts the temporal resolution of visual perception","volume":"25","author":"Samaha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa124","article-title":"Sensorimotor peak alpha frequency is a reliable biomarker of prolonged pain sensitivity","volume":"30","author":"Furman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.042","article-title":"Cerebral peak alpha frequency predicts individual differences in pain sensitivity","volume":"167","author":"Furman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B33","author":"Grandjean","year":""},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.01.006","article-title":"Predicting postoperative pain in lung cancer patients using preoperative peak alpha frequency","volume":"128","author":"Sumner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941004100305","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalographic abnormalities in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"41","author":"Hargrove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632015000400005","article-title":"Significant new quantitative EEG patterns in fibromyalgia","volume":"29","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiat"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7851047","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7851047","article-title":"Impact of fibromyalgia on alpha-2 EEG power spectrum in the resting condition: a descriptive correlational study","volume":"2019","author":"Villafaina","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.005","article-title":"Dynamic oscillatory signatures of central neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Vuckovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12216","article-title":"Patients with persistent pain after breast cancer treatment show enhanced alpha activity in spontaneous EEG","volume":"14","author":"Van Den Broeke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.04.019","article-title":"A systematic review of quantitative EEG findings in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and long COVID","volume":"163","author":"Silva-Passadouro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B41","year":""},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.47795\/nele5960","article-title":"Assessing long-term rehabilitation needs in COVID-19 survivors using a telephone screening tool (C19-YRS tool)","volume":"19","author":"Sivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0333-y","article-title":"Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Gilbody","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2930186","article-title":"Evaluation of artifact subspace reconstruction for automatic artifact components removal in multi-channel EEG recordings","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720163","article-title":"Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation","volume":"37","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-6080(00)00026-5","article-title":"Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications","volume":"13","author":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","article-title":"ICLabel: an automated electroencephalographic independent component classifier, dataset, and website","volume":"198","author":"Pion-Tonachini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x","article-title":"Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components","volume":"23","author":"Donoghue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0831-17.2017","article-title":"Alpha oscillations reduce temporal long-range dependence in spontaneous human brain activity","volume":"38","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7144","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0414-22.2022","article-title":"Stimulus-induced changes in 1\/f-like background activity in EEG","volume":"42","author":"Gyurkovics","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.004","article-title":"Resting-state EEG power and connectivity are associated with alpha peak frequency slowing in healthy aging","volume":"71","author":"Scally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2025.100193","article-title":"The effect of depression on the peak alpha frequency as a biomarker of pain sensitivity","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol Pain"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057908","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1057908","article-title":"Alpha peak activity in resting-state EEG is associated with depressive score","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002491","article-title":"Exploring sex differences in alpha brain activity as a potential neuromarker associated with neuropathic pain","volume":"163","author":"Fauchon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.03.015","article-title":"The functional role of alpha-band activity in attentional processing: the current zeitgeist and future outlook","volume":"29","author":"Van Diepen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.07.037","article-title":"State-dependent alpha peak frequency shifts: experimental evidence, potential mechanisms and functional implications","volume":"360","author":"Mierau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4737","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4737","article-title":"Peak alpha frequency differs between chronic back pain and chronic widespread pain","volume":"29","author":"McLain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108892","article-title":"Mu rhythm separation from the mix with alpha rhythm: principal component analyses and factor topography","volume":"346","author":"Garakh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01993","article-title":"Correlations between visual temporal resolution and individual alpha peak frequency: evidence that internal and measurement noise drive null findings","volume":"36","author":"Deodato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1152\/JN.00278.2025","article-title":"Interindividual variations in peak alpha frequency do not predict the magnitude or extent of secondary hyperalgesia induced by high-frequency stimulation","volume":"134","author":"Lebrun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70086","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70086","article-title":"Individualised Alpha-tACS for modulating pain perception and neural oscillations: a Sham-Controlled Study in healthy participants","volume":"29","author":"Fathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.02.034","article-title":"Resting-state EEG rhythms are abnormal in post COVID-19 patients with brain fog without cognitive and affective disorders","volume":"161","author":"Babiloni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176606","article-title":"Comparison of qEEG findings before and after onset of post-COVID-19 brain fog symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Kopa\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11047-5","article-title":"Cognitive, EEG, and MRI features of COVID-19 survivors: a 10-month study","volume":"269","author":"Cecchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.100954","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive function and neuropsychiatric disorders with quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) on long COVID syndrome patients","volume":"44","author":"Ramli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e997","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002565","article-title":"Longitudinal resting-state electroencephalography in patients with chronic pain undergoing interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy","volume":"163","author":"Heitmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.05.007","article-title":"Interpreting EEG alpha activity","volume":"44","author":"Bazanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13854","article-title":"Single-trial log transformation is optimal in frequency analysis of resting EEG alpha","volume":"48","author":"Smulders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.014","article-title":"Cut-off points for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the visual analogue scale for pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"155","author":"Boonstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S68997","article-title":"Measurement properties of painDETECT by average pain severity","volume":"6","author":"Cappelleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinicoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00178-H","article-title":"When is cancer pain mild, moderate or severe? Grading pain severity by its interference with function","volume":"61","author":"Serlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00459-0","article-title":"Pain site and the effects of amputation pain: further clarification of the meaning of mild, moderate, and severe pain","volume":"91","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B75","author":"Silva-Passadouro","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pain Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1893610\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1785304943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1893610\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpain.2026.1893610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1893610","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-561X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-561X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"article-number":"1893610"}}