{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:29:41Z","timestamp":1790627381106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Parasitol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schistosomiasis, a tropical parasitic disease, affects 779 million people globally, with 85% of cases in Africa. The interplay between schistosomiasis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can exacerbate health burdens, but most attention has focused on interactions with HIV, neglecting coinfections with other STIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to understand the role <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> infections play in STIs within schistosomiasis-endemic populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the link between Schistosoma infections and STIs in endemic regions. It uses PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases, and Google Scholar to assess prevalence, associations, and heterogeneity, reducing bias using a Meta-Mar statistical tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A quantitative synthesis of 33 articles from 1975\u20132024 involved 22,587 participants from 13 countries, including regions in Africa, France, and China, examining coinfections of schistosomiasis and STIs, including HIV. The pooled estimates showed a significant risk association between schistosomiasis and STIs [RR (95% CI) = 1.18, (1.13\u20131.24); z\/t = 7.55, p&amp;lt;0.0001] using a fixed effect model. Cochran\u2019s Q test (Tau<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.5061, Chi<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 476.65, df = 32, p&amp;lt;0.01) indicated significant heterogeneity. The Higgins I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> statistic of 93.0% (91.5%\u201394.7%), H = 3.86 (3.43\u20134.33), highlighted substantial variance between studies. Subgroup analysis showed West Africa [Weight IV = 1.7%, RR (95% CI) = 1.78 (1.28\u20132.47), I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 59%], East Africa [Weight IV = 10.5%, RR (95% CI) = 0.99 (0.86\u20131.13), I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 54%], and Southern Africa [Weight IV = 82.0%, RR (95% CI) = 1.16 (1.10\u20131.21), I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 97%] contributed significantly to the high heterogeneity in the pooled analysis. Females had a notably higher risk of STIs in the context of schistosomiasis (k = 17, RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23\u20131.37, Q = 316.78, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 94.9%), compared to males (k = 6, RR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.77\u20131.15, Q = 53.44, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 90.6%) and the combined group of females and males (k = 9, RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88\u20131.02, Q = 16.38, I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 50.2%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study found a high risk of coinfections between schistosomiasis and STIs, particularly in West and Southern Africa, confirming female genital schistosomiasis as a major risk for STIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2024.1451149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T09:54:27Z","timestamp":1725270867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Schistosomiasis endemicity and its role in sexually transmitted infections \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kwame Kumi","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Afful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwin Kwami","family":"Abotsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Czarina Owusua","family":"Adu-Gyamfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Benyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gnatoulma","family":"Katawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Arndts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207324666210301093001","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and its changing scenario: a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Combinatorial. Chem. High Throughput Screen."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2005.12603","article-title":"Illnesses in travelers returning from the tropics: a prospective study of 622 patients","volume":"12","author":"Ansart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152902","article-title":"Do health risk perceptions motivate water-and health-related behaviour? A systematic literature review","volume":"819","author":"Anthonj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. total environ."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030109","article-title":"Schistosomiasis with a focus on Africa","volume":"6","author":"Aula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/26896583.2023.2267332","article-title":"Understanding the connections between climate change, air pollution, and human health in Africa: Insights from a literature review","volume":"41","author":"Ayejoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2021.12.007","article-title":"Trichomoniasis, a new look at a common but neglected STI in African descendance population in the United States and the Black Diaspora. A review of its incidence, research prioritization, and the resulting health disparities","volume":"114","author":"Bassey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2021.12.003","article-title":"An update on female and male genital schistosomiasis and a call to integrate efforts to escalate diagnosis, treatment and awareness in endemic and non-endemic settings: the time is now","volume":"115","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000089","article-title":"Causative agents, diseases, epidemiology and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"28","author":"Casillas-Vega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Res. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0331-3","article-title":"Advancing STI priorities in the SDG era: priorities for action","volume":"14","author":"Chersich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global. Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): from case reports to a call for concerted action against this neglected gynaecological disease","volume":"46","author":"Christinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. parasitol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02005","article-title":"HIV-1 viral loads are not elevated in individuals co-infected with Schistosoma spp. after adjustment for duration of HIV-1 infection","volume":"9","author":"Colombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006613","article-title":"Impact of schistosome infection on long-term HIV\/AIDS outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Colombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34269","article-title":"Global burden of HPV-attributable squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in 2020, according to sex and HIV status: a worldwide analysis","volume":"152","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0897","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in men in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Downs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. hyg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005968","article-title":"Effects of schistosomiasis on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 viral load at HIV-1 seroconversion: a nested case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Downs","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12154","article-title":"Detectable urogenital schistosome DNA and cervical abnormalities 6 months after single-dose praziquantel in women with S chistosoma haematobium infection","volume":"18","author":"Downs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0585","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis in women of reproductive age in Tanzania's Lake Victoria region","volume":"84","author":"Downs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. hyg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infection in Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"Downs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. hyg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418758224","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among women in sub-Saharan Africa: A structured review","volume":"29","author":"Dubbink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038199","article-title":"Global perspectives on the burden of sexually transmitted diseases: A narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Elendu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.15.82","article-title":"Not just HIV: preventing other viral sexually transmitted infections","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813523","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV and Schistosoma mansoni infections among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia","volume":"94","author":"Fontanet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0024","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted coinfections among pregnant women in a schistosome-endemic region of the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"101","author":"Gadoth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. hyg."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111135","article-title":"Association of urogenital symptoms with history of water contact in young women in areas endemic for S. haematobium. a cross-sectional study in rural South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Galappaththi-Arachchige","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0581-9","article-title":"Reproductive health problems in rural South African young women: risk behaviour and risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Galappaththi-Arachchige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2017.09.001","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage achievements in low and middle-income countries 2007\u20132016","volume":"4","author":"Gallagher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3513-y","article-title":"Spatial overlaps in the distribution of HIV\/AIDS and malaria in Zimbabwe","volume":"18","author":"Gwitira","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002104","article-title":"haematobium as a common cause of genital morbidity in girls: a cross-sectional study of children in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Hegertun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05445-1","article-title":"Prospective, observational study to assess the performance of CAA measurement as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium infections in pregnant women and their child in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon: study protocol of the freeBILy clinical trial in Gabon","volume":"20","author":"Honkpehedji","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003163","article-title":"Curable sexually transmitted infections among women with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"36","author":"Jarolimova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"The Global Burden of Female Genital Schistosomiasis","author":"Jordens","year":"2019"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1086\/428907","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 infection in rural Zimbabwe: implications of coinfection for excretion of eggs","volume":"191","author":"Kallestrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000969","article-title":"How can schistosome circulating antigen assays be best applied for diagnosing male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): an appraisal using exemplar MGS cases from a longitudinal cohort study among fishermen on the south shoreline of Lake Malawi","volume":"146","author":"Kayuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2794-x","article-title":"Strong associations between national prevalence of various STIs suggests sexual network connectivity is a common underpinning risk factor","volume":"17","author":"Kenyon","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.09.014","article-title":"Classification of incidence and prevalence of certain sexually transmitted infections by world regions","volume":"18","author":"Kenyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2016.02.002","article-title":"A population's higher-risk sexual behaviour is associated with its average sexual behaviour\u2014An ecological analysis of subpopulations in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda and the United States","volume":"15","author":"Kenyon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2023.05.001","article-title":"High prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections among older adults in Tanzania: results from a list experiment in a population-representative survey","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414523743","article-title":"Genital schistosomiasis and its unacknowledged role on HIV transmission in the STD intervention studies","volume":"25","author":"Kjetland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02161.x","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis\u2013a differential diagnosis to sexually transmitted disease: genital itch and vaginal discharge as indicators of genital Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in a cross-sectional study in endemic rural Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"Kjetland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"169","article-title":"The effects of genital Schistosoma haematobium on human papillomavirus and the development of cervical neoplasia after five years in a Zimbabwean population-The impact of Schistosoma haematobium on persistent HPV in rural Zimbabwean women at high-risk was investigated","volume":"31","author":"Kjetland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. gynaecol. Oncol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.311","article-title":"Simple clinical manifestations of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"72","author":"Kjetland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29805-9","article-title":"Syphilis prevalence trends in adult women in 132 countries\u2013estimations using the Spectrum Sexually Transmitted Infections model","volume":"8","author":"Korenromp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01139-3","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis, human papilloma virus infection, and cervical cancer in rural Madagascar: a cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Kutz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306770","article-title":"Pooled prevalence, spatial variation and associated factors of HIV testing uptake among multiple sexual partners in Sub Saharan Africa: spatial and multilevel analysis","volume":"19","author":"Lealem","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i7.16652","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological profile of female genital schistosomiasis","volume":"10","author":"Leandro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Soc. Dev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200303000-00017","article-title":"Sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections in men living in rural Madagascar: implications for HIV transmission","volume":"30","author":"Leutscher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sexual. transmit. dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1086\/429334","article-title":"Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from schistosoma haematobium\u2014Infected individuals","volume":"191","author":"Leutscher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1086\/591127","article-title":"Coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infection in women and men living in an area where Schistosoma haematobium is endemic","volume":"47","author":"Leutscher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii10","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050178","article-title":"HIV\/sexually transmitted infection epidemiology, management and control in the IUSTI Africa region: focus on sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"87","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual. transmit. infect."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0679","article-title":"Mapping schistosoma haematobium for novel interventions against female genital schistosomiasis and associated HIV risk in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"104","author":"Livingston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635869","article-title":"Schistosomiasis morbidity hotspots: roles of the human host, the parasite and their interface in the development of severe morbidity","volume":"12","author":"Mawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.68.6.361","article-title":"The value of urine specimens in screening for male urethritis and its microbial aetiologies in Tanzania","volume":"68","author":"Mayaud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sexual. Transmit. Infect."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0587-2","article-title":"Co-infection with Schistosoma mansoni and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) among residents of fishing villages of north-western Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Mazigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites vectors."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001396","article-title":"Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Mbabazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198911000-00006","article-title":"HIV-1 and hepatitis B transmission in Sudan","volume":"3","author":"McCarthy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"ofx199","article-title":"Decrease in seminal HIV-1 RNA load after praziquantel treatment of urogenital schistosomiasis coinfection in HIV-positive men\u2014an observational study","volume-title":"InOpen Forum Infectious Diseases","author":"Midzi","year":"2017"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.06.039","article-title":"Quality assessment of prevalence studies: a systematic review","volume":"127","author":"Migliavaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00191-4","article-title":"Cervical schistosomiasis, human papilloma virus (HPV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): a dangerous coexistence or coincidence","volume":"90","author":"Mosunjac","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13724","article-title":"Methods for testing publication bias in ecological and evolutionary meta-analyses","volume":"13","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"Washington, DCNational Academies Press. 2, Patterns and Drivers of STIs in the United StatesSexually transmitted infections: adopting a sexual health paradigm2021"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.08.008","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and HIV in females living in a rural community of Zimbabwe: does age matter","volume":"101","author":"Ndhlovu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtm.apjtm_762_23","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among women of reproductive age in Mwaluphamba, Kwale","volume":"17","author":"Ngui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B64","unstructured":"NjokuJ. C.\n          University of JosEpidemiological Study of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Apparently Health and HIV-Infected Females in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria2014"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.846108","article-title":"The road to elimination: Current state of schistosomiasis research and progress towards the end game","volume":"13","author":"Ogongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v43i1.18","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in ago Aduloju community, ado LGA of Ekiti State, Nigeria","volume":"43","author":"Oluwafemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nigerian J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e934475","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.934475","article-title":"Review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the updated preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Parums","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. monitor: Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.088","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351035620-31","article-title":"HIV, STIs, Risk Taking and Sexual Health","volume-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health","author":"Power","year":"2019"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004067","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ugandan men is associated with increased abundance and function of HIV target cells in blood, but not the foreskin: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Prodger","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.54443\/sj.v2i3.175","article-title":"The relationship between work motivation and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis study","volume":"2","author":"Putri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Science Educ. Commun. Econ. (SINOMICS JOURNAL)."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990552","article-title":"A wake up call for urinary schistosomiasis: reconciling research effort with public health importance","volume":"136","author":"Rollinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12545","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and HIV infection in a Ugandan population with high HIV and helminth prevalence","volume":"20","author":"Sanya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09996-5","article-title":"A multi-country cross-sectional study of self-reported sexually transmitted infections among sexually active men in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"20","author":"Seidu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"565","article-title":"Bacterial sexually transmitted infections: gonorrhea, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis","volume-title":"Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology","author":"Shrier","year":"2005"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000756","article-title":"The association between female genital schistosomiasis and other infections of the lower genital tract in adolescent girls and young women: A cross-sectional study in South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Shukla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lower Genital Tract Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042170","article-title":"The impact of selected bacterial sexually transmitted diseases on pregnancy and female fertility","volume":"22","author":"Smolarczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B78","first-page":"ofab438","article-title":"Association of female genital Schistosomiasis with the cervicovaginal microbiota and sexually transmitted infections in Zambian women","volume-title":"InOpen Forum Infectious Diseases","author":"Sturt","year":"2021"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008337","article-title":"Genital self-sampling compared with cervicovaginal lavage for the diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis in Zambian women: The BILHIV study","volume":"14","author":"Sturt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4274\/tnd","article-title":"Secondary stroke prevention in patients with patent foramen ovale: to anticoagulate or not? Fragility index meta-analysis of published randomized controlled studies","volume":"29","author":"Top\u00e7uo\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turkish J. Neurol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00377-4","article-title":"Diagnostic tests for human Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Vaillant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.11.034","article-title":"Parasite infection, carcinogenesis and human Malignancy","volume":"15","author":"Van Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1112981","article-title":"Planning, implementation, and sustaining high coverage of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs: What works in the context of low-resource countries","volume":"11","author":"Waheed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006902","article-title":"Schistosomiasis is associated with incident HIV transmission and death in Zambia","volume":"12","author":"Wall","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.5.355","article-title":"High prevalence of trichomoniasis in rural men in Mwanza, Tanzania: results from a population based study","volume":"76","author":"Watson-Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sexual. Transmit. Infect."},{"key":"B86","volume-title":"Current diagnosis & treatment in infectious diseases","author":"Wilson","year":"2001"},{"key":"B87","volume-title":"The social context of schistosomiasis and its control: an introduction and annotated bibliography","year":"2008"},{"key":"B88","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the importance of a renewed commitment to STI prevention and control in achieving global sexual and reproductive health","year":"2013"},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: implementing the global STI strategy","year":"2017"},{"key":"B90","unstructured":"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). WHO fact sheet 20212021"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6989717","article-title":"Immune dysfunction and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus and schistosoma japonicum in yi people","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3481-2","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection and socio-behavioural predictors of HIV risk: a cross-sectional study in women from Uganda","volume":"18","author":"Yegorov","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. dis."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2013\/1010","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis, genital tract infections and HIV co-infection in the Volta basin of Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Yirenya-Tawiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Dis. Health"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-349","article-title":"Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae prevalence among women of reproductive age living in urogenital schistosomiasis endemic area in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Yirenya-Tawiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res. notes."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00448-5","article-title":"Global burden and trends of sexually transmitted infections from 1990 to 2019: an observational trend study","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008383","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV\/AIDS infection","volume":"14","author":"Zirimenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpara.2024.1451149\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T09:54:54Z","timestamp":1725270894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpara.2024.1451149\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpara.2024.1451149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpara.2024.1451149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2424"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2424","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"article-number":"1451149"}}