{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:38:30Z","timestamp":1773121110632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Parasitol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pathogens and parasites play a crucial role in shaping ecological and evolutionary processes, influencing the behavior, physiology, and survival of their hosts across diverse ecosystems. Despite their taxonomic and functional diversity, non-passerine birds remain underrepresented in pathogen\/parasite ecological research, providing an opportunity to explore how their unique life histories influence host-parasite dynamics. Investigating the susceptibility of non-passerines to infections, particularly in relation to physiological stress indicators such as heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H\/L) ratios and microhematocrit levels, offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between health state, environmental conditions, and disease dynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the occurrence of haemosporidian parasite (avian malaria) infections (Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp.) in individuals from six non-passerine bird species \u2013 Red-legged Seriema (Cariama cristata), Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus), Yellow-headed Caracara (<jats:italic>Daptrius chimachima<\/jats:italic>), Dusky-legged Guan (Penelope obscura), Gray-necked Wood-Rail (Aramides cajaneus), and Tropical Screech Owl (Megascops choliba) \u2013 that were admitted to the Wildlife Screening Center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We assessed whether blood-parasite infection occurrence was associated with hematological parameters (e.g. microhematocrit, H\/L ratio), major injuries, age, body condition, season, co-occurrence of Trichomonas spp. infections, and presence of ectoparasites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 75 individuals analyzed, 37% were infected with haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. combined). Age was a significant predictor of haemosporidian infection, with adults exhibiting higher overall haemosporidian parasite occurrence (both Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. together), likely due to age-related chronic infection accumulation or higher mortality among infected juveniles. Also, individuals infected with Haemoproteus spp. only showed elevated H\/L ratios, suggesting a physiological response to infection, and were more frequently infected during the rainy season, likely reflecting optimal vector conditions. No significant associations were observed between blood-parasite infection occurrence and other factors such as physical condition, major injuries, co-occurring Trichomonas spp., or the presence of ectoparasites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight the importance of considering physiological, environmental, and life-history factors when investigating malaria infections in non-passerine birds. By advancing our understanding of host-parasite interactions in these underrepresented species, this study contributes valuable knowledge to inform conservation, rehabilitation, and wildlife-management strategies for these less-studied birds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2025.1568852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T06:13:11Z","timestamp":1754287991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological, environmental, and life-history drivers of haemosporidian infections in non-passerine birds from a rehabilitation center"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Lis Marques de Carvalho e","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Aguiar de Souza Penha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"McGraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Vit\u00f3ria Dornelas","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika Martins","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00175","article-title":"Correlates of co-infection with coccidiosis and avian malaria in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus)","volume":"61","author":"Aguiar De Souza Penha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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