{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:21:43Z","timestamp":1770751303682,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Parasitol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting over 240 million people globally, with sub-Saharan Africa bearing the highest burden. In Kenya, transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis, remains prevalent in western, coastal, and central regions, particularly in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme and the Lake Victoria basin. The parasite depends on\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails as intermediate hosts, yet ecological determinants influencing infection dynamics remain underexplored. This study examined\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails across two contrasting ecosystems: Lake Victoria and the Mwea rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. Snails, water, and soil samples were collected from the study sites. Water and soil were analyzed for abiotic parameters, including temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, and soil porosity, while snail infections were confirmed via cercarial shedding and PCR targeting the ITS region. Laboratory-maintained isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    were passed through baboons and served as positive controls for molecular identification.\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most dominant species (90.4% of all snails sampled). Infection prevalence among infected snails varied across sites around Lake Victoria basin: Anyanga Beach, Siaya (70.8%, 80\/113), Sindo Rangwena, Homabay (20.6%, 7\/34), Kasabong, Siaya (16.9%, 12\/71), and Kendu Bay, Homabay (16.7%, 3\/18), with a chi-squared test confirming a strong site\u2013infection association (\u03c7\u00b2 = 67.33, df = 3, p &amp;lt; 0.001), indicating significant spatial heterogeneity in transmission risk. Infection correlated positively with temperature (r = 0.72, p &amp;lt; 0.01) and soil porosity (r = 0.65, p &amp;lt; 0.05), and negatively with turbidity (r = \u22120.63, p &amp;lt; 0.01) and salinity (r = \u22120.58, p &amp;lt; 0.05) for samples found in areas around Lake Victoria basin. Molecular screening of 272 snail-derived samples using ITS1 primers yielded 113 positives. Sequencing confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>B. pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (600 bp) from Mwea Irrigation Scheme and Lake Victoria Basin, forming a monophyletic clade with strong bootstrap support. The 500 bp ITS1 fragment identified\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    in lab-maintained strains and Thiba in Mwea Irrigation Scheme samples, clustering within the\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    clade. Further analysis of cercariae using 18S rDNA revealed \u226598% similarity to\n                    <jats:italic>Zygocotyle lunata<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Lake Victoria sites, forming a well-supported clade distinct from schistosomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2026.1729760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:32:18Z","timestamp":1770723138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological influences on host\u2013parasite dynamics among Biomphalaria snails in two schistosomiasis endemic regions of Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Florence N.","family":"Parsimei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Kenya Institute of Primate Research","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven Ger","family":"Nyanjom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercy Y.","family":"Akinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Kenya Institute of Primate Research","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ogara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute- Center for Global Health Research","place":["Kisumu, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Ngudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Kenya Institute of Primate Research","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick K.","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurice R.","family":"Odiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute- Center for Global Health Research","place":["Kisumu, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Ochola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Kenya Institute of Primate Research","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1645\/24-114","article-title":"A re-evaluation of Zygocotyle (Digenea, Paramphistomoidea) and synonymization with Wardius","volume":"111","author":"Achatz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/53523","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of human and veterinary schistosomiasis","author":"Akande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitic Dis. - Schistosomiasis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012282","article-title":"Schistosomiasis diagnosis: Challenges and opportunities for elimination","volume":"18","author":"Ally","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2024.1361493","article-title":"Development of a rapid and highly sensitive nucleic acid-based diagnostic test for schistosomes, leveraging on identical multi-repeat sequences","author":"Ally","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Parasitol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011836","article-title":"Re-assessing thermal response of schistosomiasis transmission risk: Evidence for a higher thermal optimum than previously predicted","volume":"18","author":"Aslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination\n          \n          22580511"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2178-3","article-title":"Molecular detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in freshwater snails in Tanzania: The importance of PCR primer selection","volume":"10","author":"Bakuza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTATROPICA.2016.06.024","article-title":"Morbidity of mansoni schistosomiasis in Pernambuco\u2014Brazil: Analysis on the temporal evolution of deaths, hospital admissions and severe clinical forms, (1999\u20132014","volume":"164","author":"Barbosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-016-9631-2","article-title":"Molecular approaches to trematode systematics: \u201cBest practice\u201d and implications for future study","volume":"93","author":"Blasco-Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Parasitol."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"A Field Guide to African Freshwater Snails: Identification and Distribution of Biomphalaria, Bulinus, and Oncomelania Species","author":"Brown","year":"1993"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467425000123","article-title":"Effects of salinity on survival and reproduction of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and implications for schistosomiasis transmission","volume":"41","author":"Campbell","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003769","article-title":"Evolutionary relationships and biogeography of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)","volume":"18","author":"DeJong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2021.1945678","article-title":"Influence of physicochemical water parameters on the distribution of Biomphalaria snails in Ethiopian freshwater bodies","volume":"46","author":"Erkano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7028-2_6","article-title":"Effects of nonschistosome larval trematodes on biomphalaria snails","author":"Esteban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomphalaria Snails Larval Trematodes"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance","author":"Frandsen","year":"1984"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(09)69001-4","article-title":"The biology of the caecal trematode Zygocotyle lunata","volume":"69","author":"Fried","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105112","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Kenya: Current status and future prospects","volume":"199","author":"Gichuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17055","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-022-21306-0","article-title":"Distribution and seasonal abundance of Biomphalaria snails and their infection status with Schistosoma mansoni in and around Lake Tana, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Hailegebriel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.29011\/2475-9430.100087","article-title":"Molecular monitoring of Schistosomiasis transmission","volume":"3","author":"Hamburger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Cytology Pathol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.231","article-title":"Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: Implications for integrated control","volume":"69","author":"Handzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007025","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis and HIV\/AIDS: Reversing the neglect of girls and women","volume":"13","author":"Hotez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105716","article-title":"Comparing PCR techniques against conventional cercarial shedding methods for detecting Schistosoma mansoni infection in Biomphalaria snails","volume":"212","author":"Joof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0424-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Zambia: A systematic review of past and present experiences","volume":"7","author":"Kalinda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.09.001","article-title":"Molecular approaches to the identification of snail intermediate hosts for schistosomes in Africa","volume":"108","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9876543","article-title":"Direct isolation of Schistosoma mansoni DNA from stool samples for molecular diagnostics","volume":"2024","author":"Kanyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTATROPICA.2007.04.017","article-title":"Drug efficacy of praziquantel and albendazole in school children in Mwea Division, Central Province, Kenya","volume":"102","author":"Kihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00104-8","article-title":"Use of satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems to model the distribution and abundance of snail intermediate hosts in Africa: a preliminary model for Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Ethiopia","volume":"79","author":"Kristensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50095","article-title":"Antagonism between parasites within snail hosts impacts the transmission of human schistosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Laidemitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"ELife"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-192","article-title":"Infection success of Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Trematoda) in its snail host under high temperature: role of host resistance","volume":"7","author":"Leicht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10454-4","article-title":"Different metazoan parasites, different transcriptomic responses, with new insights on parasitic castration by digenetic trematodes in the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045974","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths contain specific excretory\/secretory proteins and are internalized in intestinal host cells","volume":"7","author":"Marcilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae115","article-title":"Distribution of the schistosome intermediate snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi in East Africa and prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"119","author":"Magero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-022-01483-y","article-title":"Experimental and modeling study of water-retention behavior of fine-grained soils with dual-porosity structures","volume":"17","author":"Mahya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geotechnica"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.014685","article-title":"Host\u2013parasite interaction rates increase with temperature: Experimental evidence with Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria alexandrina","volume":"211","author":"Mangal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.024","article-title":"High prevalence of schistosomiasis in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya","volume":"150","author":"Masaku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08485-z","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis among pre-school age children in a rural setting of Busia County, Western Kenya: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Masaku","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0087892","article-title":"The effect of simulating different intermediate host snail species on the link between water temperature and schistosomiasis risk","volume":"9","author":"McCreesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13071-014-0617-0","article-title":"Predicting the effects of climate change on Schistosoma mansoni transmission in eastern Africa","volume":"8","author":"McCreesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3866-3","article-title":"Environmental determinants of snail abundance and schistosomiasis transmission in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Mereta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1389-1","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing Biomphalaria snail distribution in Zimbabwe","volume":"9","author":"Monde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.11.021","article-title":"Soil porosity determination using the saturation method: A simple and accurate approach","volume":"337","author":"Moret-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1645\/20-138","article-title":"Comparative vectorial competence of Biomphalaria Sudanica and B. choanomphala from transmission hotspots in Lake Victoria, Kenya","volume":"107","author":"Mutuku","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2019.1211039","article-title":"Susceptibility of Biomphalaria spp. from Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya against Schistosoma mansoni miracidia infection","volume":"12","author":"Ngigi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105403","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities presented by current techniques for detecting schistosome infections in intermediate host snails: A scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Nwoko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-024-00191-5","article-title":"Distribution of Biomphalaria snails and schistosome infection prevalence along Mbita shoreline, Lake Victoria, Kenya","volume":"52","author":"Odero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-278","article-title":"High prevalence of schistosomiasis in Mbita and its adjacent islands of Lake Victoria, western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Odiere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"432","article-title":"Effect of seasonal rainfall and environmental changes on snail density and infection rates with Schistosoma mansoni in Entebbe, Uganda","volume":"85","author":"Odongo-Aginya","year":"2008","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13071-020-04163-6","article-title":"Environmental and biotic factors affecting freshwater snail intermediate hosts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region","volume":"13","author":"Olkeba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B49","author":"Onyango","year":"2022"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.846108","article-title":"The road to elimination: Current state of schistosomiasis research and progress towards the end game","volume":"13","author":"Ogongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.22201\/ib.20078706e.2011.2.470","article-title":"The life cycle of Zygocotyle lunata (Trematoda, Paramphistomoidea) in the subtropical region of South America","volume":"82","author":"Ostrowski de N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Biodivers."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0193:NIHITL]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Zygocotyle lunata in South America","volume":"89","author":"Ostrowski de N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg412","article-title":"APE: Analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language","volume":"20","author":"Paradis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1584","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v85i1.1584","article-title":"Amphistome infections in domestic and wild ruminants in East and Southern Africa: A review","volume":"85","author":"Pfukenyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100133","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and intermediate host snails from Brazil using multigene approaches","volume":"3","author":"Pires","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2006341","article-title":"Climate change, parasitism and the structure of intertidal ecosystems","volume":"80","author":"Poulin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Helminthology"},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"Biomphalaria: Natural history, ecology and schistosome transmission","author":"Rollinson","year":"2011"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/717261","article-title":"Environmental epidemiology of intestinal schistosomiasis in Uganda: population dynamics of biomphalaria (gastropoda: planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with observations on natural infections with digenetic trematodes","volume":"2015","author":"Rowel","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17111","article-title":"Different trematode parasites in the same snail host: Species-specific or shared microbiota","volume":"32","author":"Salloum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06588-9","article-title":"Impact of environmental factors on Biomphalaria pfeifferi vector capacity leading to human infection by Schistosoma mansoni in western C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"17","author":"Sokouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3002.1","article-title":"Susceptibility of wild populations of Biomphalaria spp. from neotropical South America to Schistosoma mansoni and interference of Zygocotyle lunata","volume":"98","author":"Spatz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5062\u20135074","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03957.x","article-title":"Introgressive hybridization of human and rodent schistosome parasites in western Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Steinauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411\u2013425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.02.005","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis with emphasis on human infections and its different clinical forms","volume":"88","author":"Toledo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"367","article-title":"The effect of water temperature on the penetration and development of St. Lucian Schistosoma Mansoni Miracidia in local Biomphalaria Glabrata","volume":"4","author":"Upatham","year":"1973","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2307\/3278373","article-title":"Effects of salinity on the survival of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and on infection of Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"58","author":"Upatham","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02582-16","article-title":"Praziquantel for schistosomiasis: Single-drug metabolism revisited, mode of action, and resistance","volume":"61","author":"Vale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-5509-2018","article-title":"Modelling the water balance of Lake Victoria","volume":"22","author":"Vanderkelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrology Earth System Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90211-L","article-title":"The epidemiology of schistosome infections of snails: taking the theory into the field","volume":"6","author":"Woolhouse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis progress report 2001\u20132011","year":"2013"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1268998","article-title":"FioSchisto\u2019s expert perspective on implementing WHO guidelines for schistosomiasis control and transmission elimination in Brazil","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B72","article-title":"World health statistics 2022: Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals","volume-title":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"B73","first-page":"576","article-title":"Endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China in 2018","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese J. Schistosomiasis Control"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpara.2026.1729760\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:32:21Z","timestamp":1770723141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpara.2026.1729760\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpara.2026.1729760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpara.2026.1729760","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2424"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2424","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"article-number":"1729760"}}