{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:05:02Z","timestamp":1789538702818,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Parasitol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The worldwide proliferation of vector-borne infections, coupled with advancing insect defense mechanisms against standard synthetic pesticides, compels the exploration of ecological, vegetation-derived countermeasures. This investigation sought to characterize the secondary metabolite distribution, prominent chemical fractions, and destructive impact of\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia catappa<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf ethyl acetate extract (TLEE), alongside\n                    <jats:italic>Eucalyptus citriodora<\/jats:italic>\n                    stem ethyl acetate extract (LSEE) and seed ethyl acetate extract (LEEE), against\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mild ambient maceration of the leaf, seed and stem parts generated yield allocations of 3.3% TLEE, 2.8% LSEE, and 4.7% LEEE. Standardized larval mortality challenges captured survival dynamics across a 125 to 1000 ppm exposure gradient at 24 and 48 hours. Preliminary assays mapped basic compound groups, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) isolated individual volatile fractions within TLEE. Every prepared treatment produced distinct, concentration-dependent larval fatalities. For\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , LSEE demonstrated superior lethal efficiency, establishing an LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    threshold of 172.851 ppm at 24 hours. In 48-hour evaluations targeting\n                    <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , TLEE LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    is 13.271 ppm and LSEE LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    is 20.370 ppm induced a complete 100% elimination rate at a mere 250 ppm.\n                    <jats:italic>C. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited marked vulnerability toward LEEE at 48 hours, registering an LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of 49.090 ppm. Tannic substances appeared across all specimens, whereas LSEE and LEEE exclusively concentrated alkaloids, flavonoids, resins, and steroids. Analytical profiling of TLEE resolved 16 discrete compounds. These metrics validate that TLEE, LSEE, and LEEE possess powerful bio-insecticidal attributes, offering sustainable, eco-safe options for suppressing target mosquito populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2026.1934443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:33:09Z","timestamp":1789536789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GCMS profiling and larvicidal potentials of the extracts of Terminalia catappa leaf, Eucalyptus citriodora seed and stem against malarial, dengue and filarial vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Eze Elijah","family":"Ajaegbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences","place":["Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet Onyinye","family":"Nwigwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Federal University of Allied Health Sciences","place":["Trans-Ekulu, Enugu State, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidinma Claribel","family":"Chikezie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Federal University of Allied Health Sciences","place":["Trans-Ekulu, Enugu State, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkeiru Catherine","family":"Enyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Federal University of Allied Health Sciences","place":["Trans-Ekulu, Enugu State, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2010.02.007","article-title":"Phospholipid biosynthesis in the gut of Spodoptera litura larvae and effects of tannic acid ingestion","volume":"40","author":"Aboshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. 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