{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:15:27Z","timestamp":1785323727538,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]],"date-time":"2017-05-15T09:02:07Z","timestamp":1494838927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Central Nervous System Complications in Children Receiving Chemotherapy or Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Duccio Maria","family":"Cordelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Masetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Zama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Toni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Franzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pession","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602223340803","article-title":"A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome","volume":"334","author":"Hinchey","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0928","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features","volume":"29","author":"Bartynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq382","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in childhood cancer","volume":"22","author":"de Laat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0929","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema","volume":"29","author":"Bartynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815578525","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with cancer","volume":"30","author":"Tavares","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.04.019","article-title":"Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after rituximab","volume":"28","author":"Zito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31818aedb4","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following infliximab infusion","volume":"48","author":"Zamvar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2325","article-title":"PRES in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation","volume":"135","author":"Masetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23344","article-title":"Status epilepticus as a main manifestation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"58","author":"Cordelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2011-000010","article-title":"The posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: what\u2019s certain, what\u2019s new?","volume":"11","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions","volume":"21","author":"Casey","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0549","article-title":"Distinct imaging patterns and lesion distribution in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Bartynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2014.04.014","article-title":"Life-threatening complications of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children","volume":"18","author":"Cordelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.46","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9200-5","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with hemorrhage","volume":"10","author":"Aranas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1588","article-title":"Hemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: imaging and clinical features","volume":"30","author":"Hefzy","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21688","article-title":"Encephalopathy syndrome in children with hemato-oncological disorders is not always posterior and reversible","volume":"51","author":"Lucchini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2007.07.013","article-title":"Central nervous system complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, manifestations, and clinical significance","volume":"13","author":"Siegal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0578-z","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in the pediatric renal population","volume":"22","author":"Onder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000069773","article-title":"Biochemical and clinical aspects of methotrexate neurotoxicity","volume":"49","author":"Vezmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mph.0000162527.85024.e9","article-title":"Myelopathy due to intrathecal chemotherapy: report of six cases","volume":"27","author":"Bay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1727-z","article-title":"Myelopathy following intrathecal chemotherapy in adults: a single institution experience","volume":"122","author":"Cachia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-008-0645-y","article-title":"Intrathecal chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies: drugs and toxicities","volume":"88","author":"Kwong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.09.005","article-title":"Myelopathy due to intrathecal chemotherapy: magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"62","author":"Counsel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.06.018","article-title":"Methotrexate-induced myelopathy mimicking subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord","volume":"20","author":"Gosavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.048","article-title":"Review of dextromethorphan administration in 18 patients with subacute methotrexate central nervous system toxicity","volume":"50","author":"Afshar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of intrathecal methotrexate: MR imaging findings","volume":"24","author":"Sandoval","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21764","article-title":"Recurrent intrathecal methotrexate induced neurotoxicity in an adolescent with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: serial clinical and radiologic findings","volume":"52","author":"Brugnoletti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-005-4569-2","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MRI correlates of subacute methotrexate-related neurotoxicity","volume":"76","author":"Haykin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm466","article-title":"Clinical and radiological characteristics of methotrexate-induced acute encephalopathy in pediatric patients with cancer","volume":"19","author":"Inaba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.04.001","article-title":"A unique radiological case of intrathecal methotrexate-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy","volume":"353","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.53.0808","article-title":"Methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity and leukoencephalopathy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"32","author":"Bhojwani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Prevalence of leukoencephalopathy in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with high-dose methotrexate","volume":"26","author":"Reddick","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000106941.51340.A2","article-title":"Treatment-induced leukoencephalopathy in primary CNS lymphoma: a clinical and autopsy study","volume":"62","author":"Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108093450606","article-title":"Toxic leukoencephalopathy","volume":"345","author":"Filley","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.04.003","article-title":"Toxic leukoencephalopathy following fludarabine-associated hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Beitinjaneh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181ce8087","article-title":"Clinical and imaging features of fludarabine neurotoxicity","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10085","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after fludarabine therapy for low-grade lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"70","author":"Vidarsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s002779900149","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following oral fludarabine treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"79","author":"Cid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1234","article-title":"Cerebellar toxicity of cytosine arabinoside: clinical and neuropsychological signs","volume":"55","author":"Zawacki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199611)53:3<208::AID-AJH17>3.3.CO;2-F","article-title":"Cerebellar toxicity with medium-dose cytarabine in a young patient with renal insufficiency","volume":"53","author":"Chim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0428-x","article-title":"Neurologic complications of intrathecal liposomal cytarabine administered prophylactically to patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"103","author":"G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0880-x","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of intra-CSF liposomal cytarabine (DepoCyt) administered for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases: a retrospective case series","volume":"109","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0435-y","article-title":"Neurologic complications after intrathecal liposomal cytarabine in combination with systemic polychemotherapy in primary CNS lymphoma","volume":"103","author":"Ostermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e32832f4abe","article-title":"Safety and toxicity of intrathecal liposomal cytarabine (depocyte) in children and adolescents with recurrent or refractory brain tumors: a multi-institutional retrospective study","volume":"20","author":"Benesch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.01.046","article-title":"Phase I trial of intrathecal liposomal cytarabine in children with neoplastic meningitis","volume":"22","author":"Bomgaars","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V124.21.2292.2292","article-title":"Phase 1\/2 study in pediatric patients with relapsed\/refractory B-cell pre-cursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) receiving blinatumomab treatment","volume":"124","author":"von Stackelberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V120.21.670.670","article-title":"Anti-CD19 BiTE blinatumomab induces high complete remission rate and prolongs overall survival in adult patients with relapsed\/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)","volume":"120","author":"Topp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.7270","article-title":"Targeted therapy with the T-cell engaging antibody blinatumomab of chemotherapy-refractory minimal residual disease in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients results in high response rate and prolonged leukemia-free survival","volume":"29","author":"Topp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70161-5","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a review from the research on adverse drug events and reports (RADAR) project","volume":"10","author":"Carson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0080-7","article-title":"Human polyomavirus JC reactivation and pathogenetic mechanisms of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cancer in the era of monoclonal antibody therapies","volume":"18","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28712","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with brentuximab vedotin therapy: a report of 5 cases from the southern network on adverse reactions (SONAR) project","volume":"120","author":"Carson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.03.019","article-title":"Brentuximab associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"114","author":"Jalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182749f17","article-title":"PML-IRIS in a patient treated with brentuximab","volume":"79","author":"von Geldern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-186999","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the research on adverse drug events and reports project","volume":"113","author":"Carson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2006.11.003","article-title":"Ifosfamide encephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Ajithkumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22361","article-title":"Ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy and movement disorder","volume":"54","author":"Ames","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200402000-00010","article-title":"Methylene blue reversal of ifosfamide-related encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Raj","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.1999.0917","article-title":"Methylene blue in the treatment and prevention of ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy: report of 12 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"Pelgrims","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(99)00135-X","article-title":"Platinum neurotoxicity: clinical profiles, experimental models and neuroprotective approaches","volume":"77","author":"Screnci","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0044","article-title":"Platinum-induced neurotoxicity and preventive strategies: past, present, and future","volume":"20","author":"Avan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.10.028","article-title":"Risk of seizures in children receiving busulphan-containing regimens for stem cell transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Caselli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"6203","article-title":"Dose-dependent neurotoxicity of high-dose busulfan in children: a clinical and pharmacological study","volume":"50","author":"Vassal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2006.09.004","article-title":"Central nervous system toxicity from cancer therapies","volume":"20","author":"Schiff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.417","article-title":"Multiple cerebral lesions complicating therapy with interleukin-2","volume":"47","author":"Karp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)05390-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the neurotoxicity caused by anti-GD2 antibody therapy","volume":"149","author":"Yuki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.4423","article-title":"Phase I trial of a novel anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, hu14.18K322A, designed to decrease toxicity in children with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma","volume":"32","author":"Navid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24982","article-title":"Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system induced by Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody in a patient with high risk neuroblastoma","volume":"61","author":"Zama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26228","article-title":"Different profile of thrombin generation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with native or pegylated asparaginase: a cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Rozen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2012.44","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of MTHFR polymorphisms in methotrexate toxicity prediction in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Lopez-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.10.197","article-title":"Central neurotoxicity in cancer chemotherapy: pharmacogenetic insights","volume":"12","author":"Froklage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9892-6","article-title":"Intrathecal liposomal cytarabine in children under 4 years with malignant brain tumors","volume":"95","author":"Lassaletta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71170-2","article-title":"Safety and activity of blinatumomab for adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"16","author":"Topp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25724","article-title":"Ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy due to a novel formulation of ifosfamide","volume":"63","author":"Filhon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.12.1502","article-title":"Optimal prevention of seizures induced by high-dose busulfan","volume":"28","author":"Eberly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255216","article-title":"Central nervous system infections in cancer patients","volume":"30","author":"Pruitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2016.08.008","article-title":"Central nervous system infection following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Hanajiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"202","article-title":"Managing infection in cancer patients and other immunocompromised children","volume":"12","author":"Steele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000046522.38465.79","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of neurological complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation","volume":"60","author":"Sostak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70160-4","article-title":"Central nervous system infections in the compromised host: a diagnostic approach","volume":"15","author":"Cunha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-006-0123-y","article-title":"Analysis of the utility of diffusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient values in distinguishing central nervous system toxoplasmosis from lymphoma","volume":"48","author":"Schroeder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"150","article-title":"Severe cerebral Toxoplasma infection cannot be excluded by a normal CT scan","volume":"67","author":"Weenink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05749.x","article-title":"Management of intracranial fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies","volume":"131","author":"Mattiuzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1161","article-title":"Epidemiology, outcomes, and costs of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised children in the United States, 2000","volume":"117","author":"Zaoutis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2002.30186","article-title":"Central nervous system aspergillosis: a 20\u2009year retrospective series","volume":"33","author":"Kleinschmidt-DeMasters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0733","article-title":"Improved outcome in central nervous system aspergillosis, using voriconazole treatment","volume":"106","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.01.013","article-title":"Central nervous system aspergillosis in children: a systematic review of reported cases","volume":"11","author":"Dotis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1286","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2117","article-title":"Pediatric invasive aspergillosis: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 139 contemporary cases","volume":"121","author":"Burgos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1086\/313445","article-title":"Aspergillosis in children with cancer: a 34\u2009year experience","volume":"29","author":"Abbasi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.04.019","article-title":"A comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage versus lung biopsy in pediatric recipients after stem cell transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Qualter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0548","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of fungal, tubercular, and pyogenic brain abscesses with conventional and diffusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Luthra","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80166-6","article-title":"Imaging findings in intracranial aspergillosis","volume":"9","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Disseminated miliary cerebral candidiasis","volume":"18","author":"Lai","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077805","article-title":"Herpesvirus-associated central nervous system diseases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.4.857","article-title":"Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group","volume":"171","author":"Lakeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005","article-title":"Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy","volume":"18","author":"De Bolle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2548","article-title":"CT and MRI findings of human herpesvirus 6-associated encephalopathy: comparison with findings of herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"194","author":"Noguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.07.007","article-title":"Acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6 infection","volume":"34","author":"Ohsaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010590935158","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in children undergoing hematopoetic stem cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Zaucha-Pra\u017cmo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705699","article-title":"Risk factors associated with late cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies","volume":"40","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.1.9648771","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus encephalomyelitis: MR imaging findings documenting response to ganciclovir therapy","volume":"171","author":"Arata","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","article-title":"Beyond progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: expanded pathogenesis of JC virus infection in the central nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000363","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses","volume":"5","author":"Kean","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.04.003","article-title":"Early detection of Toxoplasma infection by molecular monitoring of Toxoplasma gondii in peripheral blood samples after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"84","author":"Martino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0983-6","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"L\u00f2pez-Duarte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.102","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in allo-SCT patients: risk factors and outcomes at a transplantation center with a low incidence","volume":"46","author":"Mulanovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22192","article-title":"Eccentric target sign in cerebral toxoplasmosis: neuropathological correlate to the imaging feature","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.03.008","article-title":"Utility of FDG-PETCT and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiating between cerebral lymphoma and non-malignant CNS lesions in HIV-infected patients","volume":"82","author":"Westwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.04.009","article-title":"Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in children with cancer","volume":"49","author":"Noje","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.04.003","article-title":"Central nervous system chemotoxicity during treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"84","author":"Vagace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404148","article-title":"Risk score model for fatal intracranial hemorrhage in acute leukemia","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn755","article-title":"Prediction of fatal intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-009-0333-2","article-title":"Severe hyperleukocytosis and multifocal intracranial haemorrhage: not always a fatal outcome","volume":"90","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2016.05.015","article-title":"Age at cancer diagnosis, non-O blood group and asparaginase therapy are independently associated with deep venous thrombosis in pediatric oncology patients: a risk model","volume":"144","author":"Spavor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11042","article-title":"A prospective cohort study determining the prevalence of thrombotic events in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a central venous line who are treated with l-asparaginase","volume":"97","author":"Mitchell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015511","article-title":"Thrombotic complications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis of 17 prospective studies comprising 1752 pediatric patients","volume":"108","author":"Caruso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08524.x","article-title":"The frequency and management of asparaginase-related thrombosis in paediatric and adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute consortium protocols","volume":"152","author":"Grace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01556.x","article-title":"Low plasma levels of hemostatic proteins during the induction phase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study by the JACLS","volume":"44","author":"Hongo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00363-0","article-title":"Intravenous pegylated asparaginase versus intramuscular native Escherichia colil-asparaginase in newly diagnosed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (DFCI 05-001): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial","volume":"16","author":"Place","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25489","article-title":"l-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a focus on Erwinia asparaginase","volume":"117","author":"Pieters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.109413","article-title":"The toxicity of very prolonged courses of PEG asparaginase or Erwinia asparaginase in relation to asparaginase activity, with a special focus on dyslipidemia","volume":"99","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.290","article-title":"The coagulopathy and thrombotic risk associated with l-asparaginase treatment in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"27","author":"Truelove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-231084","article-title":"The impact of prophylactic fresh-frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate on the incidence of centralnervous system thrombosis and haemorrhage in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving asparaginase","volume":"114","author":"Abbott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200107000-00005","article-title":"Prophylactic therapy with enoxaparin during l-asparaginase treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Elhasid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.3747\/co.23.3077","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism prevention during asparaginase-based therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Sibai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06209.x","article-title":"Comparison of the anticoagulant effect of a direct thrombin inhibitor and a molecular weight heparin in an acquired antithrombin deficiency in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with l-asparaginase: an in vitro study","volume":"134","author":"Kuhle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2016.1165815","article-title":"An antithrombin replacement strategy during asparaginase therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with a reduction in thrombotic events","volume":"57","author":"Farrel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21222","article-title":"Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and antithrombin versus antithrombin alone for the prevention of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"50","author":"Meister","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00105\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T18:41:42Z","timestamp":1602096102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00105\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2017.00105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]]},"article-number":"105"}}