{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:25:57Z","timestamp":1790256357413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T13:35:50Z","timestamp":1553002550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cytokines and Chemokines as Biomarkers of Future Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30879-6","article-title":"After asthma \u2013 redefining airways diseases. A Lancet commission","volume":"391","author":"Pavord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703002","article-title":"Dissociation between airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma","volume":"157","author":"Crimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2001.012003125.x","article-title":"Asthma severity and inflammation markers in children","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200312-1651OC","article-title":"Effects of treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody omalizumab on airway inflammation in allergic asthma","volume":"170","author":"Djukanovi\u0107","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050580","article-title":"Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in refractory asthma","volume":"354","author":"Berry","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200205-414OC","article-title":"Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma","volume":"167","author":"Payne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23968","article-title":"The relationship between inflammation and remodeling in childhood asthma: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69286-6","article-title":"Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study","volume":"368","author":"Illi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1700OC","article-title":"Trajectories of lung function during childhood","volume":"189","author":"Belgrave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.26.1.4170","article-title":"Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung","volume":"26","author":"Sekhon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0109OC","article-title":"Prenatal nicotine exposure increases GABA signaling and mucin expression in airway epithelium","volume":"44","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0028OC","article-title":"Prenatal nicotine exposure alters lung function and airway geometry through \u03b17 nicotinic receptors","volume":"46","author":"Wongtrakool","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L611","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00038.2007","article-title":"Nicotine alters lung branching morphogenesis through the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"293","author":"Wongtrakool","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5232","article-title":"Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys","volume":"103","author":"Sekhon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.9805099","article-title":"Increased airway responsiveness and decreased alveolar attachment points following in utero smoke exposure in the guinea pig","volume":"163","author":"Elliot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241704","article-title":"The influence of a family history of asthma and parental smoking on airway responsiveness in early infancy","volume":"324","author":"Young","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.5.7735597","article-title":"Bronchial responsiveness in the neonatal period as a risk factor for wheezing in infancy","volume":"151","author":"Clarke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201110-1922OC","article-title":"Interaction between asthma and lung function growth in early life","volume":"185","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9812057","article-title":"Alterations in airway wall properties in infants with a history of wheezing disorders","volume":"161","author":"Frey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200410-1404OC","article-title":"Airway remodeling and inflammation in symptomatic infants with reversible airflow obstruction","volume":"171","author":"Saglani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.08.044","article-title":"Increased airway smooth muscle in preschool wheezeers who have asthma at school age","volume":"131","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0009OC","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic factors predicting future asthma in wheezing children","volume":"59","author":"Bonato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0181ED","article-title":"Structurally unsound?","volume":"59","author":"Bush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014350","article-title":"Effect of bronchoconstriction on airway remodeling in asthma","volume":"364","author":"Grainge","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01817.x","article-title":"Structure and function of the adventitial and mucosal nerve plexuses of the bronchial tree in the developing lung","volume":"24","author":"Sparrow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.23.1.3926","article-title":"Spontaneous peristaltic airway contractions propel lung liquid through the bronchial tree of intact and fetal lung explants","volume":"23","author":"Schittny","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.23.1.f188","article-title":"Fetal airway smooth-muscle contractility and lung development. A player in the band or just someone in the audience?","volume":"23","author":"Nakamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L507","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00069.2017","article-title":"The PDE4 inhibitor CHF-6001 and LAMAs inhibit bronchoconstriction-induced remodeling in lung slices","volume":"313","author":"Kistemaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25762-5","article-title":"Intrauterine smoke exposure deregulates lung function, pulmonary transcriptomes, and in particular insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in a sex-specific manner","volume":"8","author":"Dehmel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.012","article-title":"IL-33 promotes airway remodeling in pediatric patients with severe, steroid-resistant asthma","volume":"132","author":"Saglani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.038","article-title":"Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in induced sputum from children with severe asthma","volume":"137","author":"Nagakumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2972","article-title":"Relationship between amphiregulin and airway inflammation in children with asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis","volume":"136","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.08.044","article-title":"Tissue remodeling induced by hypersecreted epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin in the airway after an acute asthma attack","volume":"124","author":"Enomoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.10.1362","article-title":"Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial repair in asthma","volume":"14","author":"Puddicombe","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.5.417","article-title":"Reduced lung function both before bronchiolitis and at 11 years","volume":"87","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200312-1647OC","article-title":"Cytokine response patterns, exposure to viruses, and respiratory infections in the first year of life","volume":"170","author":"Copenhaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-0477.2001.01267.x","article-title":"Antenatal determinants of neonatal immune response to allergens","volume":"32","author":"Devereux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00050206","article-title":"Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses","volume":"28","author":"Noakes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041901","article-title":"Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus","volume":"201","author":"Wark","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-\u03bb production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.118","article-title":"Impaired innate interferon induction in severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children","volume":"6","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.11.039","article-title":"Increased nuclear suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 in asthmatic bronchial epithelium suppresses rhinovirus induction of innate interferons","volume":"136","author":"Gielen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202909","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced interferon production is not deficient in well controlled asthma","volume":"69","author":"Sykes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205465","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 governs interferon and inflammatory responses to rhinovirus and is suppressed by IL-5-induced lung eosinophilia","volume":"70","author":"Hatchwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12627","article-title":"Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"70","author":"Contoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210939","article-title":"At-risk children with asthma (ARC): a systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Buelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23915","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory mediator responses from neonatal airway epithelial cells and early childhood wheeze","volume":"53","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.04.001","article-title":"Airway epithelial cytokine responses in childhood wheeze are independent of atopic status","volume":"109","author":"McDougall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200602-189OC","article-title":"Epithelial damage and angiogenesis in the airways of children with asthma","volume":"174","author":"Barbato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.5.9805028","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar cell profiles in children with asthma, infantile wheeze, chronic cough, or cystic fibrosis","volume":"159","author":"Marguet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.030262","article-title":"Epithelial stress and structural remodelling in childhood asthma","volume":"60","author":"Fedorov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03093.x","article-title":"Dysregulated repair in asthmatic paediatric airway epithelial cells: the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1","volume":"38","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.suppl_1.S2","article-title":"Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the \u201chygiene hypothesis\u201d","volume":"55","author":"Strachan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200209-1063OC","article-title":"Day care attendance in early life, maternal history of asthma, and asthma at the age of 6 years","volume":"167","author":"Celedon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271","article-title":"Inflammatory memory sensitizes skin epithelial stem cells to tissue damage","volume":"550","author":"Naik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211917","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants","volume":"368","author":"Blanken","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005217","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus disease is mediated by age-variable IL-33","volume":"11","author":"Saravia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.094870","article-title":"Healthy but not RSV-infected lung epithelial cells profoundly inhibit T cell activation","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00841-2016","article-title":"Viral mimic poly-(I:C) attenuates airway epithelial T-cell suppressive capacity: implications for asthma","volume":"48","author":"Schwarze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201711-2348OC","article-title":"Infant viral respiratory infection nasal immune-response patterns and their association with subsequent childhood recurrent wheeze","volume":"198","author":"Turi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Repsir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","article-title":"Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children","volume":"178","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.06.024","article-title":"Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing","volume":"116","author":"Lemanske","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201708-1762OC","article-title":"Cytokine responses to rhinovirus and development of asthma, allergic sensitization, and respiratory infections during childhood","volume":"197","author":"Custovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10321-5","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years","volume":"354","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06252-3","article-title":"Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"358","author":"Riedler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007302","article-title":"Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma","volume":"364","author":"Ege","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1508749","article-title":"Innate immunity and asthma risk in amish and hutterite farm children","volume":"375","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan4128","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan4128","article-title":"Inception of early-life allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is reliant on IL-13+CD4+ T cells","volume":"3","author":"Saglani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.043075","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in childhood bronchial asthma","volume":"60","author":"Yasui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052632","article-title":"Childhood asthma after bacterial colonization of the airway in neonates","volume":"357","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201207-1297OC","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria colonizing the airways in asymptomatic neonates stimulates topical inflammatory mediator release","volume":"187","author":"F\u00f8lsgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.010","article-title":"Children with asthma by school age display aberrant immune responses to pathogenic airway bacteria as infants","volume":"133","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.010","article-title":"Neonatal airway colonization is associated with troublesome lung symptoms in infants","volume":"188","author":"von Linstow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0215OC","article-title":"Increased risk of pneumonia and bronchiolitis after bacterial colonization of the airways as neonates","volume":"188","author":"Vissing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13461","article-title":"Neonates colonized with pathogenic bacteria in the airways have a low-grade systemic inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Rahman Fink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000688","article-title":"Pathogenic bacterial nasopharyngeal colonization and its impact on respiratory diseases in the first year of life: the PATCH Birth Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0395-y","article-title":"Haemophilus is overrepresented in the nasopharynx of infants hospitalized with RSV infection and associated with increased viral load and enhanced mucosal CXCL8 responses","volume":"6","author":"Ederveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13179","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization of the nasopharynx is associated with increased severity during respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children","volume":"23","author":"Brealey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0071OC","article-title":"Associations of Nasopharyngeal Metabolome and Microbiome with Severity among Infants with Bronchiolitis","volume":"196","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2112OC","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus induces a mucosal type 2 immune response via epithelial cell-derived cytokines","volume":"198","author":"Lan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.02.024","article-title":"Association between respiratory infections in early life and later asthma is independent of virus type","volume":"136","author":"B\u00f8nnelykke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1574OC","article-title":"Dysregulation of allergic airway inflammation in the absence of microbial colonization","volume":"184","author":"Herbst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3568","article-title":"Lung microbiota promotes tolerance to allergens in neonates via PD-L1","volume":"20","author":"Gollwitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Dominguez-Bello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x","article-title":"Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses","volume":"38","author":"Bager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02780.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma","volume":"38","author":"Thavagnanam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02356.x","article-title":"Caesarean section delivery and the risk of allergic disorders in childhood","volume":"35","author":"Renz-Polster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.07.027","article-title":"Mode and place of delivery, gastrointestinal microbiota, and their influence on asthma and atopy","volume":"128","author":"van Nimwegen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00049510","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae infection suppresses allergic airways disease by inducing regulatory T-cells","volume":"37","author":"Preston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.152512","article-title":"Bacterial-induced protection against allergic inflammation through a multicomponent immunoregulatory mechanism","volume":"66","author":"Nembrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45041","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells","volume":"121","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Iinvest."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e857","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways","volume":"5","author":"Hilty","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051378","article-title":"Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma","volume":"354","author":"Guilbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69285-4","article-title":"Secondary prevention of asthma by the use of Inhaled Fluticasone propionate in Wheezy INfants (IFWIN):double-blind, randomised, controlled study","volume":"368","author":"Murray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054692","article-title":"Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing","volume":"354","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.4.9806052","article-title":"Clinical control and histopathologic outcome of asthma when using airway hyperresponsiveness as an additional guide to long-term treatment","volume":"159","author":"Sont","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00130832-200502000-00009","article-title":"Airway wall remodelling: the influence of corticosteroids","volume":"5","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2330LE","article-title":"Plasma chemokines in early wheezers predict the development of allergic asthma","volume":"188","author":"Reubsaet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14489.1","article-title":"Pulmonary epithelial barrier and immunological functions at birth and in early life\u2013key determinants of the development of asthma?","volume":"3","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-206781","article-title":"The Study Team for Early Life Asthma Research (STELAR) consortium 'Asthma e-lab': team science bringing data, methods and investigators together","volume":"70","author":"Custovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S438","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201602-112AW","article-title":"Lung development and aging","volume":"13","author":"Bush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411532","article-title":"Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"373","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0396OC","article-title":"Pathophysiological features of asthma develop in parallel in house dust mite-exposed neonatal mice","volume":"41","author":"Saglani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.12.985","article-title":"Lower airway microbiota associates with inflammatory phenotype in severe preschool wheeze","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00072\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T13:35:52Z","timestamp":1553002552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00072\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2019.00072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"article-number":"72"}}