{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:09:59Z","timestamp":1772784599802,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>(GV) is most frequently associated with bacterial vaginosis and is the second most common etiology causing intrauterine infection after<jats:italic>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic>. Intrauterine GV infection adversely affects pregnancy outcomes, resulting in preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and neonatal pneumonia. The knowledge of how GV exerts its effects is limited. We developed an<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>animal model to study its effects on fetal development.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>A survival mini-laparotomy was conducted on New Zealand rabbits on gestational day 21 (28 weeks of human pregnancy). In each dam, fetuses in the right uterine horn received intra-amniotic 0.5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>colony-forming units of GV injections each, while their littermate controls in the left horn received sterile saline injections. A second laparotomy was performed seven days later. Assessment of the fetal pups, histopathology of the placenta and histomorphometric examination of the fetal lung tissues was done.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Three dams with a combined total of 12 fetuses were exposed to intra-amniotic GV, and 9 fetuses were unexposed. The weights of fetuses, placenta, and fetal lung were significantly lower in the GV group than the saline-inoculated control group [mean gross weight, GV (19.8 \u00b1 3.8 g) vs. control (27.9 \u00b1 1.7 g),<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001; mean placenta weight, GV (5.5 \u00b1 1.0 g) vs. control (6.5 \u00b1 0.7 g),<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.027; mean fetal lung weight, GV (0.59 \u00b1 0.11 g) vs. control (0.91 \u00b1 0.08 g),<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.002. There was a two-fold increase in the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta of the GV group than their littermate controls (82.9 \u00b1 14.9 vs. 41.6 \u00b1 13.4,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001). The mean alveolar septae of GV fetuses was significantly thicker than the control (14.8 \u00b1 2.8 \u03bcm vs. 12.4 \u00b1 3.8 \u03bcm,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.007). Correspondingly, the proliferative index in the interalveolar septum was 1.8-fold higher in the GV group than controls (24.9 \u00b1 6.6% vs. 14.2 \u00b1 2.9%,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.011). The number of alveoli and alveolar surface area did not vary between groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>Low-dose intra-amniotic GV injection induces fetal growth restriction, increased placental multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts and fetal lung re-modeling characterized by alveolar septal hypertrophy with cellular proliferative changes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>This intra-amniotic model could be utilized in future studies to elucidate the acute and chronic effects of GV intrauterine infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.593802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T09:07:34Z","timestamp":1611306454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intrauterine Gardnerella vaginalis Infection Results in Fetal Growth Restriction and Alveolar Septal Hypertrophy in a Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Fook-Choe","family":"Cheah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chee Hoe","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geok Chin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anushia","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kon Ken","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin Ping","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Lee","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.05.006","article-title":"The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review","volume":"209","author":"Kenyon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"267","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis in perinatology: an overview of the clinicopathological correlation","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays J Pathol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"512","article-title":"[Gardnerella vaginalis infection\u2014another sexually transmitted disease]. 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