{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:54:43Z","timestamp":1765608883173,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> Previous studies have demonstrated that both children and adult patients with a history of congenital heart disease (CHD) are at high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. This study investigates the status of COVID-19 infection among children undergoing surgical repair within the past 2 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> All alive patients operated on in a tertiary referral center between March 2018 and March 2020 were recruited in the present study. Detailed demographics, past medical and surgical history, and physical examination were reviewed for each patient. During the COVID-19 pandemic, data regarding the patient's status were collected by telephone survey from April 15 to April 30, 2020.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total number of 210 patients are analyzed in this study. Participants' median age was 21.59 months [interquartile range (IQR) = 12\u201354.67], and 125 (59.5%) were female. The median interval between surgery and COVID-19 assessment was 305 days (IQR = 215\u2013400). In addition, 67 (32%) patients used angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)\/angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (spironolactone and\/or captopril). Sixteen patients (7.6%) were symptomatic and had positive chest CT results and\/or RT-PCR compared to the previously reported prevalence of COVID-19 among the pediatric population (2.4% of children with &amp;lt;18 years of age); the prevalence of COVID-19 among the patients operated on due to CHD in the present study was significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.00012). Two patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); one patient was discharged 2 weeks later with acceptable status, and one patient died 2 days after ICU admission due to cardiac and respiratory arrest and myocarditis. The complexity of the underlying cardiac disorders was not different between patients with low risk (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.522), suspicious patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.920), and patients positive for COVID-19 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.234). The ARB\/ACE inhibitor consumption was not associated with the COVID-19 infection [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.527, crude odds ratio (OR) = 1.407, 95% CI = 0.489\u20134.052].<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Children with a history of previous CHD surgery are more susceptible to infections, especially those infections with pulmonary involvements, as the lung involvement could cause worsening of the patient's condition by aggravating pulmonary hypertension. The results of the current study indicate that these patients are more prone to COVID-19 infection compared to the healthy children population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.582043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T14:58:11Z","timestamp":1638975491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["COVID-19: A New Horizon in Congenital Heart Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Aghaei Moghadam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Sattarzadeh Badkoubeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azin","family":"Ghamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliakbar","family":"Zeinaloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoudreza","family":"Ashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niyoosha","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paniz","family":"Masoominasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Zamani Mehryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mirzaaghayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019. 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