{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:50:00Z","timestamp":1788306600543,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018556","name":"Science and Technology Program of Suzhou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018556","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> In recent years, the incidence of <jats:italic>Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:italic> infection in infants and young children has been increasing. Multiple studies have suggested that <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> may be one of the pathogens of bronchiolitis in infants and young children. However, the prevalence and clinic characteristic of <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> in bronchiolitis is controversial. This prospective descriptive study evaluated the prevalence and clinical manifestations of infants and young children hospitalized for bronchiolitis with <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Children hospitalized with bronchiolitis were eligible for a prospective study for 36 months from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Besides <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic>, 10 common respiratory viruses and <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (MP) were confirmed by laboratory tests. Medical records of patients were reviewed for demographic, clinical characteristics, and laboratory examination.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total of 1,092 patients with bronchiolitis were admitted. <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> was detected in 78\/1,092 (7.1%) patients. Of the 78 patients with <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> bronchiolitis, coinfections occurred in 45 (57.7%) patients, most frequently with human rhinovirus (28\/78, 35.9%), followed by MP (9\/78, 11.4%), and human bocavirus (6\/78, 7.7%). The peak incidence of <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> infection was in May. A high leukocyte count could help distinguish <jats:italic>B. pertussis\u2013<\/jats:italic>associated acute bronchiolitis from other acute bronchiolitis etiologies. After excluding coinfections, children with <jats:italic>B. pertussis\u2013<\/jats:italic>only bronchiolitis exhibited a milder clinical presentation than those with RSV-only infection; also, children with MP-only and other pathogen infections revealed similar severity. The morbidity of <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> was common (31\/78, 39.7%) in infants with bronchiolitis under 3 months.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> In summary, <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> is one of the pathogens in children with bronchiolitis, and coinfection of <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> with other viruses is common in bronchiolitis. <jats:italic>B. pertussis<\/jats:italic> should be considered when patients hospitalized with bronchiolitis present a longer course and have an elevated leukocyte count. Patients with <jats:italic>B. pertussis\u2013<\/jats:italic>associated bronchiolitis present a milder clinical presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.621381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T09:37:39Z","timestamp":1628761059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Etiologies of Hospitalized Acute Bronchiolitis in Children 2 Years of Age and Younger: A 3 Years' Study During a Pertussis Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sainan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wujun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengrong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangli","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunjun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"731","article-title":"Le microbe de la coqueluche","volume":"20","author":"Bordet","year":"1906","journal-title":"Ann. 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