{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:17:02Z","timestamp":1791605822212,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromuscular diseases may involve all major respiratory muscles groups including inspiratory, expiratory, and bulbar muscles. Respiratory complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Pneumonia represents a frequent cause of morbidity in children with neuromuscular disease. The aim of this review is to collect knowledge about pneumonia in children with neuromuscular diseases. Pneumonia usually follows viral respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract, due to the combination of an increased amount of nasal and oral secretions and an impairment of the cough efficiency and of the clearance of secretions due to the muscle weakness, further compromised by the infection itself. The accumulation of bronchial secretions leads to atelectasis and promote bacterial infection. Moreover, dysfunction of swallowing mechanism exposes these children to the risk of developing aspiration pneumonia. However, etiology of viral and bacterial respiratory infection in these patients is still poorly studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.625751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T01:46:59Z","timestamp":1630720019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["All You Need Is Evidence: What We Know About Pneumonia in Children With Neuromuscular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Cherchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Chiarini Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Deriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Schiavino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Petreschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Paglietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Cutrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000363","article-title":"Respiratory failure because of neuromuscular disease","volume":"29","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201964","article-title":"British thoracic society guideline for respiratory management of children with neuromuscular weakness","volume":"67","author":"Hull","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"283","article-title":"Ventilator support in children with neuromuscular disorders","volume-title":"Caring for the Ventilator Dependent Child: A Clinical Guide","author":"Simonds","year":"2016"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2015.06.011","article-title":"Management of respiratory disease in children with muscular weakness","volume":"25","author":"Abusamra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05250","article-title":"Respiratory implications of pediatric neuromuscular disease","volume":"62","author":"Panitch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Care."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.5.1390","article-title":"Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease","volume":"118","author":"Tzeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.1.5","article-title":"Respiratory muscle weakness during upper respiratory tract infections","volume":"138","author":"Mier-Jedrzejowicz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200006000-00004","article-title":"Current concepts of respiratory complications of neuromuscular disease in children","volume":"12","author":"Schramm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000144670.78558.c7","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections in children with technology dependence and neuromuscular disorders","volume":"23","author":"Panitch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812436605","article-title":"Consensus statement on standard of care for congenital myopathies","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30026-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 3: primary care, emergency management, psychosocial care, and transitions of care across the lifespan","volume":"17","author":"Birnkrant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22961","article-title":"Pneumonia in pediatric acute neuromuscular respiratory failure","volume":"49","author":"Don","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.019562","article-title":"Outcome of children with neuromuscular disease admitted to paediatric intensive care","volume":"89","author":"Yates","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-190436","article-title":"Dysphagia and dysarthria in children with neuromuscular diseases, a prevalence study","volume":"7","author":"Kooi-van","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65e73","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000338","article-title":"A multicentered prospective analysis of diagnosis, risk factors, and outcomes associated with pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7380","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000569","article-title":"An evaluation of various ventilator-associated infection criteria in a PICU","volume":"17","author":"Beardsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04163-0","article-title":"Practical approach to respiratory emergencies in neurological diseases","volume":"41","author":"Racca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"115","article-title":"Complicanze respiratorie in corso di patologie neuromuscolari","volume":"37","author":"Cutrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prospettive Pediatria."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24760","article-title":"Lung ultrasound: a useful additional tool in clinician's hands to identify pulmonary atelectasis in children with neuromuscular disease","volume":"55","author":"Ullmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.12.047","article-title":"Respiratory needs in patients with type 1 spinal muscular atrophy treated with nusinersen","volume":"219","author":"Sansone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.625751\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T01:47:04Z","timestamp":1630720024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.625751\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2021.625751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.625751","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"article-number":"625751"}}